Brooklyn ( ) is the densest district of New York City, with an estimated population of 2,648,771 in 2017. Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, bordering the Queens region, and has several bridge connections to the nearest districts of Staten Island and Manhattan. Since 1896, the area is bordered by Kings County , the most populous area in New York state, New York, and the second most populous area in the United States, after the New York county (coextensive with the Manhattan borough).
With a land area of ​​71 square miles (180 km 2 ) and a water area of ​​26 square miles (67 km 2 ), Kings County is the fourth smallest area in New York by land area and the third smallest by total area, although this is the second largest among the five city districts. Today, if New York City is disbanded, Brooklyn will be ranked as the third most populous city in the US after Los Angeles and Chicago.
Brooklyn is a self-contained city (and formerly the village and city authorized in the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations during the 1890s, according to the new Municipality. The "Greater New York" Charter, Brooklyn is consolidated with other cities, boroughs and districts to form a modern "New York City", which encompasses the Upper New York Bay with five constituent districts. Nevertheless, the borough continues to maintain a different culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. The official motto of Brooklyn, shown on the stamp and flag of the Borough, is << In the first decade of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a resurgence as an avant garde destination for hipsters, with gentrification, dramatic rise in house prices, and a decrease in housing affordability. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a rapidly growing entrepreneurial center and a high-tech startup company, as well as postmodern art and design. Video Brooklyn
Toponimi
The Brooklyn name is derived from the original Dutch colonial name Breuckelen , which means swampland in the Netherlands. Founded in 1646, the name first appeared in print in 1663. The Dutch colonials named it after the beautiful city of Breukelen, near Utrecht. For the last two millennia, the name of the ancient city in the Netherlands is Bracola , Broccke , Brocckede , Broiclede , Brocklandia , Broekclen , Broikelen , Breuckelen and finally Breukelen . The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also experienced many variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn /i>, Brookland , Brockland , Brocklin , and Brookline/Brookline . There are so many variations of the Brooklyn name that cause confusion about its origins; some claimed Maps Brooklyn
History
The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. This settlement began in the 17th century as a small town founded by the Dutch "Breuckelen" on the East River Long Island coast, grew into a fairly large city in the 19th century, and consolidated in 1898 with New York City (later limited to Manhattan and part of the Bronx), the rural areas remaining in Kings County, and the rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern city of New York. Breuckelen etymology may be directly from the word dialect Breuckelen which means buckle or from Deutsche BrÃÆ'¼cken platte which means bridge.
The colonial era
Six cities in the Netherlands
The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle on the western edge of Long Island, mostly inhabited by Lenape, an American Indian tribe often referred to in colonial documents with variations of the Canarsie's name. The "Breuckelen" settlement is named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland, and the Dutch West Indies Company lost a bit of time in chartering six original parishes (listed here by their later English names):
- Gravesend: in 1645, settled under a Dutch patent by the English follower Anabaptist Lady Deborah Moody, possibly after Gravesend, England, or 's-Gravenzande, the Netherlands
- Brooklyn Heights: as "Breuckelen" in 1646, after the city is now spelled Breukelen, The Netherlands. Breuckelen is located along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, this is where the Brooklyn village was born in 1816.
- Flatlands: as "New Amersfoort" in 1647
- Flatbush: as "Midwout" in 1652
- New Utrecht: in 1657, after the city of Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bushwick: as "Boswijck" in 1661
The capital of New Amsterdam's colony, across the East River, earned its charter in 1653, slower than the Brooklyn village. The Marine Park environment is where North America's first milling mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. However, the area was not officially settled as a city. Many of the incidents and documents relating to this period are in the 1824 Gabriel Furman compilation.
Six municipalities in English speaking provinces
What today Brooklyn abandoned the hands of the Dutch after the final British conquest in New Netherland in 1664, the introduction to the Second Anglo-Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the conquerors renamed their prize to honor the overall British naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of King Charles II of England and his own future king as King James II of England and James VII from Scotland; Brooklyn became part of the British colony and the new British colony, New York Province.
Britain rearranged six old Dutch towns on the southwest of Long Island as Kings County on November 1, 1683, one of the "twelve original districts" later established in New York Province. This land treaty was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal foundations were laid for the idea of ​​a later expanded Brooklyn identity.
Without a patrol system and farmers' tenants established along the Hudson River Basin, this remarkable agricultural area came to possess one of the highest percentages of slavery among the residents of the "Thirteen Quarter Original" along the east coast of the Atlantic Ocean of North America.
Revolutionary War
On August 27, 1776, fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn'), the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the greatest of all conflicts. British forces forced Continental Army troops under George Washington from a height near the modern site of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park and Grand Army Plaza.
Washington, especially seeing the fierce battle at Gowanus Creek from the top of the hill near the western tip of Atlantic Avenue today, is famously reported emotionally exclaiming: "What dare I have to lose today!".
The fortified American position at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and evacuated a few days later, leaving England under the control of New York Harbor. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield threw initial doubts on his ability as a commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies in the East River in one night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant victories.
The British controlled the surrounding area during the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political operational base in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoy the dominant Loyalist sentiment of the displaced in Kings County, though it is also the center of America's youngest and most successful intelligence network, headed by Washington itself.
Britain established the famous prison ship system off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay, where more American patriots died of intentional neglect than dead in combat on all battlefields of the American Revolutionary War, combined. One of the results of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the British evacuation of New York City, celebrated by the population in the 20th century.
The post-colonial era
Urbanization
The first half of the 19th century saw the beginnings of urban developments on the east coast of the strategically-oriented Kings County River overlooking the limited New York City Town on Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operates in Wallabout Bay (the border between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh) for the entire 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century.
The first urbanization center sprang up in Brooklyn City, just across Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of Brooklyn Village in 1817. The reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing turned Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass becomes Fulton Street to East New York. Cities and Villages were combined to form the first kernel incarnation in Brooklyn City in 1834.
In parallel development, Bushwick City, a little further up the river, saw the incorporation of Williamsburgh Village in 1827, separated as Williamsburgh City in 1840 and formed the short-lived Williamsburgh City in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in the mid-century brought shipyards and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two towns and six towns in Kings County remains independent municipalities, and deliberately creates non-aligning road networks with different naming systems.
However, the East River coast grew too fast for the three-year-old baby City of Williamsburgh; that, together with the Bushwick Inland Town, was incorporated into the larger Brooklyn City in 1854.
In 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the developing town across the East River from Manhattan produced its own prominent newspapers. It later became the most popular and highest-priced afternoon newspaper in America. The publisher turned into L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842, and the newspaper was named The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846. On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened for The Brooklyn Daily Eagle ; on September 5, 1938, it was shortened to Brooklyn Eagle . The formation of papers in the 1840s helped to develop a separate identity for the Brooklyn people during the next century. The soon-to-be-known National League baseball team, Brooklyn Dodgers, also helps with this. The two major institutions disappeared in the 1950s: the newspaper closed in 1955 after failing to sell after a journalist strike, and the baseball team disbanded for Los Angeles in the reorganization of the main league of baseball in 1957.
Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York, and under the Republican leadership, the city was strong in Union struggles in the Civil War. After the war, the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built in the city center in honor of a famous local abolitionist. A great triumphal arch was built in the southern part of the city to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza.
The city had a population of 25,000 in 1834, but the police department consisted of only 12 people on the afternoon shift and the other 12 at night. Every time there is a robbery fluctuation, officials blame thieves who come from New York City. Finally in 1855, a modern police force was created, which employs 150 people. Voters complain of inadequate protection and excessive fees. In 1857, the state legislature joined forces with Brooklyn with New York City.
Civil War
Strong at Union, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materials to the American Civil War. The most famous regiment sent to war from the city is the 14th Brooklyn "Red-legged Satan" . They fought from 1861 to 1864, dressed in red uniforms throughout the war, and were the only regiment named after the city; The President Lincoln called them to serve personally, making them part of a handful of three-year-old enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for rapid assault against the enemy.
Both as a port and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn is ready to contribute to Union strength in shipping and manufacturing. Both are incorporated in shipbuilding; Monitor Monitor is built in Brooklyn. Twin town
Brooklyn is referred to as the New York twin city in the 1883 poem, "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, who appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridge that frames the twin cities". As a twin city to New York, the city plays a role in national affairs which is then overshadowed by the sinking of the century into its old couple and rival.
Economic growth continues, driven by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as America's third most populous city in much of the 19th century. The shoreline from Gowanus Bay to Greenpoint is developed with docks and factories. Industry-to-coast access is enhanced by the Channel of Gowanus and the Newtown River that is alienated. USS Monitor is just the most famous product of the large and growing Williamsburg shipbuilding industry. After the Civil War, rail and other transport routes carry urban sprawl outside Prospect Park and into the city center.
The rapidly growing population needs more water, so the City builds centralized waterways including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The city police department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of Metropolitan powers which included also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865, the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District.
During this period the King County periphery cities, away from Manhattan and even from Brooklyn towns, retained their rural independence. The only visible change in the city was the separation of the eastern part of Flatbush City as New New Town in 1852. The construction of railroads such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 marked the end of this isolation.
Sports became big business, and Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball in Washington Park on the outskirts of Park Slope and in other convenient places. At the beginning of the next century, under their new name Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, outside Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks and beach resorts are open in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county.
Towards the end of the 19th century, Brooklyn City experienced its last explosive growth burst. The railway and industrialization spread to Bay Ridge and Sunset Park. Within a decade, the city annexed the New New Town in 1886, Flatbush Town, Gravesend City, the City of New Utrecht in 1894, and Flatlands City in 1896. Brooklyn has reached its natural city. boundaries at the end of Kings County.
New York City borough
In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer only by water, and the Brooklyn City ties with New York City were strengthened.
The question is whether Brooklyn is ready to engage in a more robust consolidation process that then develops across the region, whether to join the New York area, the Richmond area and west of Queens County to form five united New York City areas. Andrew Haskell Green and other progressives say Yes, and finally they win against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, the inhabitants of Brooklyn and other countries were elected by a small majority to join, effectively in 1898.
Kings County retained its status as a New York State state, but the loss of a separate Brooklyn identity as a city was filled with concerns by some residents at the time. The merger was called "Great Mistake of 1898" by many newspapers of the day, and the phrase still shows the pride of Brooklyn among the old people of Brooklynites.
Geography
Brooklyn a total of 97 square miles (250 km 2 ) in the area, of which 71 square miles (180 km 2 ) are land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km 2 ) is water (27%); The borough is the second largest in the mainland area between the districts of New York City. However, Kings County, bordering Brooklyn, is the fourth smallest area in New York by the smallest land area and third by region. Brooklyn is located on the southwestern tip of Long Island, and the western border of the borough is the western tip of the island. The Brooklyn water frontier is immense and diverse, including Jamaica Bay; Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the Staten Island district of New York City and crossing the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separates Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the state of New Jersey in the US; and the East River, separates Brooklyn from the Manhattan area of ​​New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and many routes from the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn is the Queens area, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in Howard Beach neighborhood, about two miles from the Brooklyn neighborhood of East New York.
Boroughscape
Climate
Under the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification, using 32Ã, ° F (0Ã,  ° C) coldest month (January), Brooklyn undergoes a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), with partial protection from Appalachian Mountains and moderate influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives abundant rainfall throughout the year, with nearly 50 at (1,300 mm) each year. This area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine each year, and averages 57% chance of sunshine each year, collecting 2,535 hours of sunshine per year. Brooklyn is located in the USDA 7b factory resilient zone.
Demographics
Since 2010, the Brooklyn population estimated by the US Census Bureau has increased by 5.8% to 2,648,771, by 2017 - the estimated population in Brooklyn represents 30.7% of the estimated New York City population of 8,622,698; 33.7% of the population of Long Island is 7,869,820; and 13.3% of the New York State population of 19,849,399.
Census 2010
According to the US Census 2010, the Brooklyn population is 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic blacks; 10.5% Asia; 0.5% of Native Americans; Pacific Island Island 0.0% (round); 3.0% American Multiracial; and 8.8% of other races. Hispanics and Latines comprise 19.8% of the Brooklyn population.
In 2010, Brooklyn has several neighborhoods separated by race, ethnicity and religion. Altogether, the southwestern half of Brooklyn is racially mixed despite some blacks; The northeastern part is mostly black and Hispanic/Latin.
estimated 2012
According to US Census Bureau 2012 estimates, there are 2,565,635 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), 880,727 households, and 583,922 families living in Brooklyn. Population density is 34,920/sq mil (13,480/km ²). There are 930,866 housing units with an average density of 13,180/sq mi (5.090/km²).
Of the 880,727 households in Brooklyn, 38.6% of married couples live together, 22.3% have female households without a husband, and 33.7% are not family. 33.3% have children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 27.8% were made up of individuals and 9.8% had a single person living alone 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.41.
In Brooklyn, the population is spread by 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% years or more. The mean age is 33 years. Brooklyn has more women and girls, with 88.4 males for every 100 females. The Brooklyn lesbian community is the largest of all New York City districts.
The average income for households in Brooklyn is $ 32,135, and the average income for families is $ 36,188. Men have an average income of $ 34,317, which is higher than women, whose median income is $ 30,516. Income per capita is $ 16,775. Approximately 22% of families and 25.1% of the population are below the poverty line, including 34% of those under the age of 18 and 21.5% of those aged 65 and older.
Language
Brooklyn has a high level of linguistic diversity. In 2010, 54.12% (1,240,416) Brooklyn residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as the primary language, while 17.16% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.46% (148,012) Chinese, 5 , 31% (121,607) Russia, 3.47% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.75% (63,019) Creole France, 1.35% (31,004) Italy, 1.20% (27.440) Hebrew, 1.01% 23.207) Poland, 0.99% (22,763) French, 0.95% (21,773) Arabic, 0.85% (19,388) Indic languages, 0.70% (15,936) Urdu languages, and African languages ​​pronounced as primary language by 0.54% (12.305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.88% (1,051,456) Brooklyn residents aged 5 and older speak a mother tongue other than English.
Nearby Areas
The Brooklyn neighborhood is dynamic in its ethnic composition. For example, during the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of the Jewish population; since the 1970s has become the majority of African Americans. Midwood in the early 20th century filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish population for nearly 50 years, and slowly became a Pakistani enclave. The most populous racial group in Brooklyn, whites, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% in 1990.
Borough attracts people who previously lived in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle.
Diversity of communities
Given the role of New York City as an intersection for legal and illegal immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has developed its own global cosmopolitan atmosphere, demonstrating a strong and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domicile partnerships. Brooklyn contains dozens of different environments representing many culturally identified groups in New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below:
American Jew
More than 600,000 Jews, especially Orthodox and Hasid Jews, have been concentrated in Borough Park, Williamsburg and Flatbush, where there are many yeshiva, synagogues and halal restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. The other well-known Orthodox and Jewish Hasidic neighborhoods are Kensington, Midwood, Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights (Chabad's world headquarters). Many hospitals in Brooklyn are started by a Jewish charity, including Maimonides Medical Center at Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in Brownsville. Many non-Orthodox Jews are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach and Coney Island.
Chinese Americans
More than 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout southern Brooklyn, in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend, and Homecrest. The biggest concentration is on Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which is known for its Chinese culture. This place is called "Brooklyn Chinatown" and its Chinese population is mostly made up of Fuzhounese Americans, making this Chinatown by the nickname of Fuzhou (???), Brooklyn (????) or < i> Little Fuzhou (???) Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and this area is a popular Chinese New Year celebration.
Caribbean Caribbean and African Americans
The African American and Caribbean communities of Brooklyn are scattered in many places in Brooklyn. The West Indian Indian community is concentrated in the surroundings of Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to one of the largest communities of Western Indians outside the Caribbean, rivaled only by Toronto, Miami, Montreal and London. Although the largest Western Indian groups in Brooklyn are mostly Jamaican, Guyana and Haitian, there are West Indian immigrants from almost every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many West Indian restaurants and bakeries in Brooklyn. Brooklyn has an annual Carnival that is celebrated in the tradition of pre-tasting celebrations on the islands. Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West India Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day at the Eastern Parkway. Bedford-Stuyvesant is home to one of America's most famous African communities in the city, along with Brownsville, East New York and Coney Island.
Latino American
Bushwick is the largest center of the Latin American community of Latin America. Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with the many influx of Dominicans, South America, Central America, Mexico, as well as the more recent Puerto Rico inflows. Since nearly 80% of the Bushwick population is Latino, the population has created many businesses to support their different national and diverse traditions in food and other items. The Sunset Park population is 42% Latino, composed of these various ethnic groups. The main Latin groups of Brooklyn are Puerto Rican, Mexican, Dominican, and Panamanian; they are scattered throughout the region. The Puerto Rican and Dominicans dominate in Bushwick, Williamsburg, and New York East, while Mexicans are dominant in Sunset Park and Panama in Crown Heights.
Russian and Ukrainian Americans
Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the Brighton Beach area and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach displays many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa respectively. Initially this community was mostly Jewish; however, the Russian and Ukrainian non-Jewish communities in Brighton Beach now also represent different aspects of Russian and Ukrainian culture.
Polish America
Brooklyn's Polish is largely concentrated in Greenpoint, which is home to Little Poland. They are also scattered throughout the southern part of Brooklyn.
Italian Italian
Italian Americans are mainly concentrated in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach, Gravesend, Cobble Hill, and Carroll Gardens, where there are many Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessen, pizzeria, cafes and social clubs.
American Muslims
Today, Arab Americans and Pakistani Americans along with other Muslim communities have moved to the southwestern part of Brooklyn, in particular to Bay Ridge, where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops and mosques. Coney Island Avenue is home to Little Pakistan because Church Avenue is to Bangladesh. Jay Street Borough Hall (Downtown Brooklyn) is small Arabia. Pakistan Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties at Coney Island Avenue. Previously, the area was known to be dominated by the inhabitants of Ireland, Norway, and Scotland. There are also many Middle Eastern, mainly Yemen, businesses, mosques, and restaurants on Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue, on Boerum Hill.
Irish States
The third generation, fourth and fifth-century Ireland can be found all over Brooklyn, in moderate concentrations in Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park, Gerritsen Beach, and Vinegar Hill neighborhoods. Many moved east on Long Island, to the suburbs and New York districts (Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Sullivan Counties), Staten Island, and New Jersey in the mid-twentieth century. Those who live form a close and stable community, represent many civil service (especially in law enforcement, transportation and FDNY) as well as the legal profession and trade of building and construction.
Greek American
The Greek Americans in Brooklyn live throughout the region, especially in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there are Hellenic school groups and cultural institutions focused, with many businesses concentrated there and in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned visitors are also found throughout the region.
same-sex couples
Brooklyn is home to a large and growing population of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriage in New York is legalized on June 24, 2011, and is approved to begin operating 30 days later. The Park Slope environment pioneered the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and many neighborhoods have become home to the LGBTQ community.
Artists-at-home
Brooklyn became the preferred site for artists and hipster to arrange work space/instantly after being priced from the same kind of living arrangement in Manhattan. The various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as a popular environment for artists-in-residence. However, rental rates and living costs have risen dramatically in this same environment, forcing artists to move to somewhat cheaper neighborhoods in Brooklyn or in Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken.
Government and politics
Since consolidating with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides a powerful "mayor" mayor system. The New York City central government is responsible for public education, prisons, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization funded in part by the New York City government, but also by the governments of New York State, the US federal government, and private donors.
The President's Borough Office was created in a consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authorities. Each borough president has a strong administrative role derived from a vote at the New York City Council, which is responsible for creating and approving the city budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the United States Supreme Court declared the Estimates Unconstitutional as Brooklyn, the most populous district, lacked effective effective representation on the Council rather than Staten Island, the least populous region; it was a violation of the reading of "one person, one vote" 1964 of the High Court of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Since 1990, President Borough has acted as an advocate for boroughs in mayoral institutions, the City Council, the New York state government, and companies. The current president of Borough Brooklyn is Eric Adams, elected a Democrat in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote. Adams replaces popular Borough President Marty Markowitz, also a Democrat, who partially uses his office to promote tourism and new development for Brooklyn.
The Democratic Party holds the majority of the public office, and its territory is very liberal. As of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn are Democrats. The party platform is centered on affordable housing, education and economic development. The most controversial political issue is proposed by the Atlantic Yards, a major housing project and sports arena. Major Republican influence pockets exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood by US Representative Dan Donovan and New York State Sen. Marty Golden.
Each of the five city districts (adjacent to each region) has its own criminal court system and the District Attorney, the chief of the public prosecutor elected directly by popular votes. Kings County County Attorney is Eric Gonzalez, who succeeds Democratic Party Kenneth P. Thompson after his death in October 2016. Brooklyn has 16 members of the City Council, the largest number of any of the five districts. Brooklyn has 18 out of 59 urban community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Council with advisory power under the Land Use Uniform Uses. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as a talk with city agents.
Economy
The Brooklyn job market is driven by three major factors: the performance of the national and city economy, the current population and the borough position as a comfortable back office for New York businesses.
Forty-four percent of the Brooklyn workers population, or 410,000 people, work in the region; more than half of the borough population works outside its boundaries. As a result, the economic conditions in Manhattan are important to borough job seekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn produces jobs in services, retail and construction.
Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from the steady stream of stable back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of high-tech and entertainment economics at DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, private supply agencies, and computer service companies.
Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the service sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, substantial bases remain in the issues of manufacturing apparel and niches such as furniture, metal fabrication, and food products. Pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and has a manufacturing plant in the area for years that had hired thousands of workers, but the plant was closed in 2008. However, new manufacturing concerns concern the packaging of organic food and high-end food. has sprung up in the old factory.
First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employs 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and later became the largest company in the region. The Missouri , the ship on which the Japanese officially surrendered, was built there, like that of Maine , which drowned Havana causing the start of the Spanish-American War. Civil War Civil Vessel, Monitor is built in Greenpoint. From 1968-1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding is a big company. Then tenants include industrial design companies, food processing businesses, artisans, and film and television production industries. Around 230 private-sector companies providing 4,000 jobs are in Yard.
Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors. Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees. In August 2008, the county unemployment rate was 5.9%.
Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, there are 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.
Downtown Brooklyn Rezonasi has generated over US $ 10 billion in private investment and $ 300 million in public improvement since 2004. Brooklyn also attracted many high-tech companies, such as Silicon Alley, a metonym for the entrepreneurial ecosystem of New York City, has expanded from Lower Manhattan to Brooklyn.
Culture
Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent is often described as "a typical New York accent" in the American media, although this accent and stereotype should fade. Brooklyn's official color is blue and gold.
Cultural place
Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum.
The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is the second largest public art museum in New York City. It has a permanent collection of over 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian works to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's Museum, the world's first dedicated children's museum, opened in December 1899. The only State institution of New York accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, is one of the few in the world to have a permanent collection - more than 30,000 cultural objects and specimens of natural history.
Brooklyn Music Academy (BAM) includes a 2,109 seat opera house, 874 seater theater, and BAM Rose Cinemas art house. Bargemusic Warehouse and St. Ann is located on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO Art District. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000.
Media
Local Periodicals
Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents, Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper i>, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, is the largest newspaper network in Brooklyn. Brooklyn is also served by the main daily New York, including The New York Times, New York Daily News, and New York Post .
The borough is home to the two weekly weekly Culture Guide and the monthly arts and politics of the Brooklyn Rail, as well as quarterly art and culture Cabinet . Hello Sir. also published in Brooklyn.
Brooklyn Magazine is one of several glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Some others, who are now dead, include: BKLYN Magazine (a two-month lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, who sees himself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and sent to 80,000 high-income homes ladder), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine , The Brooklynite (free, glossy edited quarterly by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and was originally marketed as a local magazine for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-announced "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then "Pulse of New York").
Press ethnic
Brooklyn has a rapidly growing ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa , the largest and oldest Spanish-language newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn. Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet Hamodia , the Orthodox Jewish and The Jewish Press, the Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many of the nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. More than 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish about 300 non-English magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among the quarterly "L'Idea", a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers were published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star > Jamaica, available in Brooklyn. Press Our time is published weekly by DBG Media covering Brooklyn Village with the motto "The Local paper with the Global View".
Television
New York City has an official television station, run by NYC Media, featuring programs based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is a public access channel in the city.
Events
- The annual Coney Island Morning Parade (mid to late June) is a costume-and-floating parade.
- Coney Island also hosts the annual Hot Nathan Dinner Contest (4 July).
- The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West India Day Parade) takes place along the Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights.
- The Brooklyn Arts Film Festival takes place every year around the second week of June.
Parks and other attractions
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden: located next to Prospect Park is a 52 acres (52 acres) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree field, a one hectare (0.4 hectare) rose garden, a Japanese hill and a pond garden, fragrant garden, lotus pond, some conservatory, stone garden, original flora garden, bonsai tree collection, and children's park and exhibition exhibition.
- Coney Island was developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but grew as one of America's first entertainment venues and attracted many people from all over New York. Rollercoaster Cyclone, built in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operating. Coney Island suffered a decline in the 1970s, but has experienced a resurgence.
- Floyd Bennett Field: New York City's first city airport and long closed for operations, now part of the National Park System. Many historic hangars and runways still exist. Natural trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marshes and the restored grassland area of ​​shortgrass that was once widespread in the Hempstead Plains.
- The Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is a rural early burial. This is the burial place of many famous New Yorkers.
- Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: unique Federal wildlife protection located on the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of the Gateway National Recreation Area
- The New York Transit Museum displays historic artefacts from Subway, commuter trains, and the Greater New York bus system; located on Court Street, the former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on Fulton Street Line.
- Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn covering 585 acres (2.37 km 2 ). The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who created Central Park Manhattan. Attractions include Padang Panjang, a 90-acre (36-acre) meadow, Picnic Home, which houses offices and halls that can accommodate up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, Boathouse, residential visitor center and first urban Audubon Center; The only lake in Brooklyn, covering 60 hectares (24 ha); Bandshell Prospect Park which hosts free outdoor concerts in the summer; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Party.
Sports
Brooklyn's major professional sports teams are the NBA Brooklyn Nets and NHL New York Islanders. The Nets and Islanders move into territory in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and both play their home games at the Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York, and in New Jersey, while the Islands had played in Uniondale since their inception.
Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports personalities such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. The basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn even though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina.
In the early days of organized baseball, the Brooklyn team dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is now Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Excelsiors, Atlantics, and Eckfords of Brooklyn were the leading teams of the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with a playground league, as in Mapleton Oval. During this "Brooklyn era", baseball developed into a modern game: first fastball, first change, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first closed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, the first black of the championship game, the first trip, the first gambling scandal, and the first eight winners are all at or from Brooklyn.
Brooklyn's most famous Brooklyn Dodgers history team, named "trolley dodgers" is played at Ebbets Field. In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, the perpetual winners of the National League, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event is marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley, the owner of the team at the time, was still slandered, even by Brooklyn too young to remember Dodgers as a Brooklyn ball club.
After 43 years of absence, professional baseball returned to the district in 2001 with Brooklyn Cyclones, a small league team playing at MCU Park on Coney Island. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017.
Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field.
Fishing Recreation
Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is also a large public fleet at Sheepshead Bay which includes Marily Jean, Ocean Eagle, Brooklyn, Captain Dave, Midnight Star, Sea Queen and Flamingo. Captured species include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.
Transportation
Public transport
About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn are households without cars. The city rate is 55 percent in New York City.
Brooklyn has a wide public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, cross a small area. About 92.8% of Brooklyn residents who travel to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact that some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are not well served by the subway service. The main stations, of the 170 in Brooklyn, include:
- Atlantic AvenueÃ, - Barclays Center
- Broadway Junction
- DeKalb Avenue
- Jalan Jay - MetroTech
- Coney Island - Stillwell Avenue
The proposed New York City Subway line has never been constructed including lines along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park, as well as subway lines to Spring Creek.
Brooklyn was once served by an extensive tram network, many of which were replaced by a public bus network covering the entire region. There is also a daily express bus service to Manhattan. The famous yellow cabin in New York also provides transportation in Brooklyn, although there are not many in the area. There are three commuter railway stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminal of the Atlantic Branch on Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is near the Atlantic Avenue subway station - Barclays Center, with ten connecting subway services.
In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would start a ferry service across the city called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in cities traditionally not served by public transport. The ferry opened in May 2017, with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwest Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwest Brooklyn. The third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at the Brooklyn Army Terminal.
A tram line, Brooklyn-Queens Connector, proposed by the city in February 2016, with a timetable that calls for service to begin around 2024.
Highway
Most of the highways and limited access roads are located in the west and south of Brooklyn. These include the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, the Gowanus Expressway (which is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly Interborough Parkway). The planned expresses that were never built included the Bushwick Expressway, the I-78 extension and the Brooklyn Cross-Road, I-878. Major highways include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue and Nostrand Avenue.
Most of Brooklyn only have street names, but Lereng Park, Bay Ridge, Sunsets Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and other western parts have numbered streets running around northwest to southeast, and numbered streets will occur around the east sea ​​to southwest. East of Dahill Road, the march (like Avenue M) runs east and west, and numbered streets have the "East" prefix. South of Avenue O, the associated numbered road on West Dahill Road using the "Western" designation. This numbered set of ranges ranges from 37th Street West to East 108 Street, and various roads from AZ by name are replaced for some of them in some neighborhoods (especially Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). The numbered roads beginning with "North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb", "Paandegat" or "Flatlands" along the south and southwest coasts are loosely based on grid of the original Kings County cities that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect water bodies or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin.
Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan, and Williamsburg; tunnel vehicles, Hugh L. Carey Tunnel (formerly the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connects Brooklyn with more suburban areas of Staten Island. Although many of its borders are on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), Pulaski Bridge, and JJ Byrne Memorial Bridge, all carrying traffic at Newtown Creek. , and the Marine Parkway Bridge connects Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula.
Water channel
Brooklyn has long been a major delivery port, especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal at Sunset Park. Most cargo operations of container ships have shifted to New Jersey in New York Harbor, while the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal at Red Hook is a focal point for New York's growing shipping industry. The Queen Mary 2 , one of the largest marine ships in the world, is specially designed to fit under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. He made a regular call port at the Red Hook terminal at his transatlantic crossing from Southampton, England.
In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would start the NYC Ferry to expand ferry transport to traditionally under-served communities in the city. The ferry opened in May 2017, offering commuting services from the west coast of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwest Brooklyn via the East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve Brooklyn southwest before ending in lower Manhattan. NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers a weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Manhattan ferry slip in downtown Pier 11 and East 34th Street in the center of town. The Cross-Harbor Rail tunnel, originally proposed in 1920 as a core project for New Port Authority in New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to facilitate the movement of goods throughout the metropolitan area.
Education
Education in Brooklyn is provided by a large number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the region are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system.
Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a public high school in New York City, is the largest specialized secondary school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States. Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is located across the street from Fort Greene Park. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $ 6,000,000 and 12 floors high. It covers about half of the city block. Brooklyn Tech is famous for its famous alumni (including two Nobel Prize winners), academics, and a large number of graduates who attend prestigious universities.
Higher education
Public college
Brooklyn College is a senior college at City University of New York, and is the first public liberal arts coeducational college in New York City. The College was ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second year in a row in the Princeton Review guidebook in 2006, America's Best Value Colleges . Many of its students are the first and second generation Americans.
Established in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college at City University of New York, with a mission to develop and maintain a high-quality, professional, and career-oriented degree program in the liberal arts education context. The College offers programs at both baccalaureate and associate levels, as well as Adult and Sustainable Education classes for Central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights.
CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public technology college in New York State and a national model for technological education. Founded in 1946, City Tech was able to trace its roots until 1881 when the Metropolitan Technical School of Art was renamed New York Trade School. The institute - which became the Voorhees Technical Institute several decades later - soon became a model for the development of engineering and vocational schools around the world. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech.
SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center consists of College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and Brooklyn University Hospital. Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott is a faculty member. Half of Medical Center students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students from any medical school in New York State.
Private colleges
Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is famous for its diverse students. Women and African Americans registered in 1909. According to Leiter Report, a summary of law school ratings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School placed 31 students nationwide for student quality.
Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. Brooklyn Campus has a strong medical science and technology program, at undergraduate and graduate level.
The Pratt Institute, at Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some of the buildings on the Brooklyn School campus are official landmarks. Pratt has more than 4700 students, with most on the Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, with a total of more than 25 programs.
The New York University The Tandon School of Engineering, the second oldest private technology institute of the United States, founded in 1854, has its main campus at MetroTech Downtown, a major commercial, civil and educational development project. NYU-Tandon is one of 18 schools and colleges consisting of New York University (NYU).
St. Francis College is a Catholic college located in Brooklyn Heights and founded in 1859 by a Franciscan friar. Today, there are over 2,400 students attending a small liberal arts class. St. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse universities, and is ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by the Forbes magazine and the United States. News & amp; World Report .
Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as the Saint Joseph College at Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg.
Community college
Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system, located in Manhattan Beach.
Brooklyn Public Library
As an independent system, separate from New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and the use of more than 850 computers accessible via the Internet. It also has books and magazines in all major languages ​​spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a historic building overlooking the Grand Army Plaza.
There are 58 branches of libraries, putting one in half a mile of every Brooklyn resident. In addition to the dedicated Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to build Visual & amp; The Performing Arts Library (VPA) in BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the relationship between new and emerging art and technology as well as traditional and digital home collections. This will provide access and training for applications and art technologies that are not widely available to the public. This collection will cover the subject of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. The special archives will keep records and history of the Brooklyn art community.
Partnerships with foreign city districts
- Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990)
- Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)
- Be? ikta ?, the province of Istanbul, Turkey (since 2005)
- Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments