California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.5 million inhabitants, California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by region. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area areas are the second and fifth largest urban areas in the country, with 18.7 million and 8.8 million people respectively. Los Angeles is the most congested city in California, and the second most populous country, after New York City. California also has the most populous country, Los Angeles County; its largest territory by region, San Bernardino County; and the fifth densest county, San Francisco.
The $ 2.8 trillion California economy is bigger than any other state. If it is a country, California will be the 5th largest economy in the world, and the 36th most populous by 2017. The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area is the nation's second and third largest urban economies ($ 1, 2 trillion and $ 821 billion respectively in 2016), after the metropolitan area of ​​New York City. The San Francisco SFA area has the highest per capita GDP in 2016 (~ $ 94,000), and is home to four of the world's top ten companies by market capitalization and four of the world's ten richest people.
California is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture, innovation, and politics. This is the origin of the film industry, hippie counterculture, Internet, and personal computers, among others. The San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles Area are widely seen as the center of the global technology and entertainment industry, respectively. California has a very diverse economy: 58% of the country's economy is centered on financial, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5% of the state's economy, California's agricultural industry has the highest output from any US state.
California borders Oregon in the north, Nevada and Arizona in the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California in the south. The geography of various countries ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountains to the east, and from the redwood-Douglas pine forest in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The Central Valley, the main agricultural area, dominates the center of the country. Although California is well known for its warm climate in the Mediterranean, the country's large yield results in varied climates of wet temperate rainforest in the north to the arid desert in the interior, as well as the snowy alpine in the mountains.
What is now California was first completed by various indigenous tribes of California before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spanish colony. The area became part of Mexico in 1821 after a successful war for independence but handed over to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican-American War. The western part of Alta California was later organized and recognized as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush that began in 1848 caused dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with the accompanying economy. explosion.
Video California
Etymology
The word California originally refers to the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico; it was later extended to the entire territory consisting of the current United States states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming.
The early survey of Spanish explorers Francisco de Ulloa on the Baja California Peninsula exploring the west coast of North America made him believe that it was an island rather than part of a larger continent. The name probably comes from the mythical island of California in the fictitious tale of Queen Calafia, as recorded in a work of 1510 The Adventure of EsplandiÃÆ'¡n by Garci RodrÃÆ'guez de Montalvo. This work is the fifth in the popular Spanish knight romance series which begins with Amadis de Gaula . Empire Queen Calafia is said to be a remote area rich in gold and pearls, inhabited by beautiful black women who wear golden armor and live like the Amazon, also griffin and other strange animals. In a fictitious paradise, the ruler of Queen Calafia fought alongside Muslims and his name might be chosen to echo the title of a Muslim leader, the Caliph. Perhaps the name California is meant to imply that the island is a Khilafah.
Did you know that on the right side of the Indies there is an island called California, very close to the Terrestrial Heaven, inhabited by black women without any of them, and they live in the Amazon way. They are strong with the body with a passionate heart and great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest islands in the world because of the thick and steep rocks.
The conventional wisdom that California is an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, lasted until the end of the 18th century.
Short form names include CA, Cal., Calif., And US-CA.
Maps California
History
The first population
Filled by a wave of consecutive arrivals over the past 10,000 years, California is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse regions in pre-Columbian North America. Indigenous estimates range from 100,000 to 300,000. The indigenous people of California include more than 70 different groups of Native Americans, ranging from large populations living on the coast to inland groups. California groups also vary in their political organization with bands, tribes, villages, and on resource-rich beaches, many chiefs, such as Chumash, Pomo and Copies. Trade, mixed marriages and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among various groups.
Colonial and Spanish Period
The first European attempt to explore the coast as far north of the Russian River was a Spanish shipping expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan RodrÃÆ'guez Cabrillo, in 1542. About 37 years later British explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed undefined sections of the California coast in 1579. Spanish merchants did unwanted visit with Galleon Manila on their return journey from the Philippines beginning in 1565. The first Asian to set foot on what the United States will happen in 1587, when Filipino sailors arrive on Spanish ships in Morro Bay. SebastiÃÆ'¡n VizcaÃÆ'no explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for the New Spanish.
Despite the exploration of land in California in the 16th century, RodrÃÆ'guez's notion of California as an island persists. The description appeared on many European maps until the 18th century.
After the expedition of Portolá in 1769-70, Spanish missionaries began to establish 21 California Mission on or near the coast of Alta (Upper) California, beginning in San Diego. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several fortress (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). The San Francisco Mission grew into the city of San Francisco, and two of the pueblo grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. Several small towns and other small towns are also popping up around the various missions and pueblos of Spain, which still exist to this day.
Spanish colonization initiated the genocide of indigenous Californians, attenuating their numbers through epidemics of various diseases not possessed by indigenous peoples, such as measles and diphtheria. The formation of the Spanish governmental system and social structure, which had been brought by the Spanish settlers, also technologically and culturally flooded the earlier indigenous peoples.
During the same period, Russian ships were also explored along the coast of California and in 1812 established a trading post at Fort Ross. The early 19th century Russian coastal settlements in California are positioned just north of the northernmost edge of the Spanish residential area of ​​the San Francisco Bay, and are Russia's most southern settlements in North America. The Russian settlements associated with Fort Ross are scattered in areas stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay.
California under Mexican rule
In 1821, Mexico's Independence War gave Mexico (including California) independence from Spain. For the next 25 years, Alta California remains as a remote, sparsely populated administrative district in the northwest of the newly independent Mexican state.
The cattle ranch, or ranchos, emerged as California's dominant institution of California. Immediately after Mexico's independence from Spain, the mission chain belonged to the Mexican government and was secularized by 1834. Rancho developed under the ownership of Californios (a Spanish-speaking Californian) who had received a land grant, and traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants.
From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the United States and Canada's future arrived in Northern California. These newcomers use the Siskiyou Trail, the California Trail, the Oregon Trail, and the Old Spanish Trail to cross the steep mountains and loud deserts in and around California.
The newly independent federal government of Mexico was very unstable, and in this reflection, from 1831 onwards, California also experienced a series of armed disputes, both regional inter-regional, as well as insurgency against Mexico's central government. During this tumultuous political period, Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure governors from 1836 to 1842. The military act that first brought Alvarado in power has briefly declared California an independent state, and has been assisted by California and American Americans, including Isaac Graham. In 1840, a hundred of the population who did not have a passport were arrested, leading to Graham's business.
One of the largest breeders in California is John Marsh. After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from a Mexican court, he decided that California should be part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign that supported California's climate, land and other reasons to settle there, as well as the best route to follow, which came to be known as the "Marsh route." His letters were read, reread, circulated, and printed in newspapers all over the country, and started the first wagon train that rolled into California. He invites immigrants to stay on his farm until they can settle, and assist in getting their passports.
After delivering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh helped end the last Mexican governor's reign in California, paving the way for California's final acquisition by the United States.
The Republic of California and the American invasion
In 1846, a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against the Mexican government during the Bear Flag Rebellion. After that, the rebels lifted the Bear Flag (featuring bears, stars, red lines and the words "Republic of California") in Sonoma. The only Republican president is William B. Idea, who played an important role during the Rebellion of the Bear Flag. This uprising by American settlers served as a prelude to the American military invasion of California, and was closely coordinated with the nearby American military commanders.
The Republic of California is short-lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican-American War (1846-48). When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed to Monterey Bay and started a California military occupation by the United States, Northern California surrendered less than a month to US forces. After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Cahuenga Agreement was signed by Californios on January 13, 1847, securing American control in California.
Early American state period
After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848) ending the war, the westernmost part of the old Mexican region of Alta California soon became the state of California in America, and the rest of the old territory was subdivided into a new America. Areas of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah. A slightly populated and dry region of old Baja California remains as part of Mexico. In 1846, the total settler population of the old western part of Alta California was estimated at no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans, down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlements in 1769.
In 1848, just one week before the official American annexation in the region, gold was discovered in California, it was an event that forever changed both the demographics of the state and its finances. Soon thereafter, immigration into the area was massive, as gold-seekers and miners arrived with thousands of people. The population is increasing with citizens of the United States, Europe, China and other immigrants during the California Gold Rush. At the time of the California application for the US Congress for statehood in 1850, the population of California settlers has doubled to 100,000. By 1854 more than 300,000 settlers had come. Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000. California is suddenly no longer a remote, sparsely populated area, but it seems that overnight it has grown into a major US population center.
The governmental center for California under Spanish and then Mexican rule was placed in Monterey from 1777 to 1845. Pio Pico, the last Mexican Governor of Alta California, had moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The US Consulate has also been located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.
In 1849, the first state Constitutional Convention was held in Monterey. Among the first tasks of the Convention is the decision on location for new state capital. The first full legislative session was held in San Jose (1850-1851). The following locations included Vallejo (1852-1853), and nearby Benicia (1853-1854); these locations eventually proved inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when a legislative session was held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento.
After the state's Constitutional Convention has resolved the country's constitution, it is applied to the US Congress for entry into the state. On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California was officially accepted in the United States as an indivisible free country. His status as a 'free country' prevented the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast, which was then a major concern for the pre-Civil War Congress. In the state of California, September 9 remains as an annual official holiday known as the California Registration Day.
Around the turning point of 1860, saw the first of two European pharmacists (descendants of Germany) who arrived in Los Angeles, and have chosen this newly established California city in California as their new home. The first was the pharmacist Theodore Wollweber (Main Str./Hall at 59) and in 1861 the second pharmacist Adolph Junge, who also set up a "drug store" in the same Temple Block (Temple Street) area of ​​Main-St. north of Commercial St. and operated for about 20 years thereafter until about 1880. There, renowned pharmacist (Germany) FJ Gieze came to work as a clerk and Colleague in 1874 for a time thereafter with Junge, and would later gain recognition as a pharmacist trusted in the new and sparsely populated state of California. The pharmacist's original recipe book Adolph Junge witnessed the history of his activities and can still be seen today at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (Exibit: "Becoming Los Angeles").
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), California was able to send gold shipments eastward to Washington to support the Union; However, due to the large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the country, the state can not muster a full military regiment to send to the east to officially serve in Union's war effort. However, some of the smaller military units within Union forces are unofficially linked to the state of California, such as "The California 100 Company", since most of its members are from California.
At the time of California's reception to the Union, travel between California and the entire continent of the United States has been a time consuming and a dangerous achievement. Nineteen years later, in 1869, shortly after the end of the Civil War, a more direct relationship was developed with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railway at Promontory Summit, Utah. Once completed, hundreds of thousands of Americans are enabled to easily migrate west to the state.
Upon their arrival in California, a new California resident can find that if irrigated during the dry summer months, most of California is best suited for fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Widespread oats, other cereals, vegetables, cotton, and nuts and fruit trees are grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation is laid for exceptional state farm production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.
Indigenous peoples under the initial American administration
Under previous Spanish and Mexican rule, native California natives have dropped dramatically, above all, from the Eurasian disease in which native California has not yet developed natural immunity. Under the new American administration, California's harsh government policy toward the indigenous population itself did not improve. As in other American countries, many indigenous peoples were soon displaced from their lands by the entry of American settlers such as miners, ranchers, and farmers. Although California has entered American unity as an independent state, "wandering or orphaned Indians" are de facto enslaved by their new Anglo-American ruler under 1853 the Laws for Indian Government and Protection . There were also massacres where hundreds of indigenous people died.
Between 1850 and 1860, the California state government paid about 1.5 million dollars (about 250,000 of which were replaced by the federal government) to hire militia whose purpose was to protect the settlers from the indigenous population. In subsequent decades, the indigenous population was placed in reservations and rancherias, often small and isolated and without sufficient natural resources or government funding to sustain the living population. As a result, California's emergence was a disaster for the natives. Some American scholars and activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the California government's actions as genocide.
20th century
Migration to California was accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major continental highways such as the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period 1900 to 1965, the population grew from less than one million to the most populous state in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported the California population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic whites.
To meet the needs of the population, major engineering achievements such as California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; Oroville and Shasta Dam; and the Bay Bridge and Golden Gate are built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient public education system.
Meanwhile, interested in mild Mediterranean climates, cheap land, and various state geography, filmmakers set up studio systems in Hollywood in the 1920s. California produced 8.7 percent of the total US military arsenal produced during World War II, ranked third (behind New York and Michigan) among 48 states. However, California easily ranked first in the production of military ships during the war (transport, cargo, [merchant ships] such as the Liberty ships, Victory ships, and warships) at drydock facilities in San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area. After World War II, the California economy was highly developed due to the strong aerospace and defense industries, whose size decreased after the end of the Cold War. Stanford University and its Engineering Dean Frederick Terman began to encourage lecturers and graduates to live in California instead of leaving the country, and develop high-tech areas in what is now known as the Silicon Valley. As a result of this effort, California is considered the center of the entertainment and music industry, technology, engineering, and aerospace industries, and as a US agricultural production hub. Just before "Dot Com Bust" California has the fifth largest economy in the world among nations. But since 1991, and started in the late 1980s in Southern California, California has experienced net losses for domestic migrants for years. This is often referred to by the media as the California exodus.
During the 20th century, two major disasters occurred in California. The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remains the deadliest in US history.
Geography
California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in the area, after Alaska and Texas. California is often geographically divided into two regions, Southern California, comprising 10 southernmost regions, and Northern California, which comprises 48 northernmost regions. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east and northeast, Arizona to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and it shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California in the south (with which it forms part of the Californias region of North America, alongside Baja California Sur).
In the center of the country lies California Central Valley, bordered by the Sierra Nevada to the east, the coastal mountains to the west, the Cascade Range to the north and by the Tehachapi Mountains to the south. Central Valley is California's productive agricultural center.
Divided into two by the Sacramento River Delta-San Joaquin, the northern part, the Sacramento Valley serves as the Sacramento watershed, while the southern part, the San Joaquin Valley is the San Joaquin basin. Both valleys take their name from the river that runs through it. With dredging, Sacramento and the San Joaquin River remain deep enough for some inland towns to become harbors.
The Sacramento River Delta-San Joaquin is a very important water supply center for the country. Water is diverted from the delta and through vast pumping and canal networks that run across most of the country, to the Central Valley and the Water Project and other needs. Water from Delta provides drinking water for nearly 23 million people, nearly two-thirds of the country's population as well as water for farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley.
Suisun Bay is located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and San Joaquin. The water is drained by the Carquinez Strait, which flows into San Pablo Bay, the northern extension of San Francisco Bay, which then connects to the Pacific Ocean through the Golden Gate Strait.
The Channel Islands is located off the South coast, while the Farallon Islands are located west of San Francisco.
The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "snowy range") includes the highest peak in 48 contiguous countries, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet (4,421 m). This range includes the Yosemite Valley, renowned for its glacial carvings dome, and Sequoia National Park, home to the giant sequoia tree, the largest living organism on Earth, and the inner freshwater lake, Lake Tahoe, the largest lake in the state by volume.
To the east of the Sierra Nevada are the Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an important migratory bird habitat. In the western part of the state is Clear Lake, the largest freshwater lake in all of California. Although Lake Tahoe is larger, it is shared by the California/Nevada border. The Sierra Nevada falls to the Arctic temperatures in the winter and has several dozen small glaciers, including Palisade Glacier, the southernmost glacier in the United States.
Approximately 45 percent of the total surface area of ​​the country is covered by forests, and the diversity of California pine species is unmatched by any other country. California contains more forest than any other state except Alaska. Many trees in the White California Mountains are the oldest in the world; individual bristlecone pine aged over 5,000 years.
To the south is the great outback salt lake, the Salton Sea. The middle-south desert is called Mojave; to the northeast of Mojave lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest and hottest spot in North America, Badwater Basin at -279 feet (-85 m). The horizontal distance from the base of Death Valley to the top of Mount Whitney is less than 90 miles (140 km). Indeed, almost all of southeastern California is arid, a hot desert, with extreme high temperatures routinely during the summer. The southeastern border of California with Arizona is completely formed by the Colorado River, from which the southern part of the country gets about half its water.
Much of California is located in the San Francisco Bay Area or the Sacramento metropolitan area of ​​Northern California; or the Los Angeles area, the Riverside-San Bernardino-Inland Empire, or the San Diego metropolitan area of ​​Southern California. The Los Angeles, Bay Area, and San Diego metropolitan areas are among some major metropolitan areas along the California coast.
As part of the Fire Circle, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, forest fires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It has a lot of earthquakes due to some mistakes that run through the country, in particular, the San Andreas Fault. Approximately 37,000 earthquakes are recorded each year, but most are too small to feel.
Climate
Although most countries have a Mediterranean climate, due to the size of a large country, the climate ranges from pole to subtropical. Cool California Offshore often creates summer fog near the shore. Further inland, there are cooler winters and hotter summers. The results of maritime moderation in coastline Los Angeles and San Francisco's summer temperatures became the coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States and cool unique compared to areas in the same latitude in the interior and on the east coast of the North American continent. Even San Diego's coastline bordering Mexico is colder in the summer than most areas of the United States are adjacent. Just a few miles to the mainland, extreme summer temperatures are much higher, with downtown Los Angeles becoming some degree warmer than on the beach. The same microclimate phenomenon is seen in the Bay Area climate, where the protected areas of the ocean experience a much hotter summer than the nearest areas close to the ocean.
The northern part of the country has more rain than in the south. The California Mountains also affect the climate: some of the most rainy parts of the state are the western-facing slopes. Northwestern California has a temperate climate, and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with extreme temperatures higher than the coast. Tall mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have a mountainous climate with snow in the winter and mild to moderate heat in the summer.
The California Mountains produced a rain shadow on the east side, creating a vast desert. The higher elevation deserts in eastern California have hot summers and winters, while the low desert to the east of the Southern California mountains has a hot summer and a mildly frostless winter. Death Valley, a desert with a vast expanse below sea level, is considered the hottest location in the world; the highest temperature in the world, 134Ã, Â ° F (56.7 Ã, Â ° C), was listed there on July 10, 1913. The lowest temperature in California was -45Ã, Â ° F (-43Ã, Â ° C) 1937 in Boca.
The table below lists the average temperatures for January and August at various locations throughout the state; some are very solid and some are not. These include relatively cool summers in the Humboldt Bay region around Eureka, the extreme heat of Death Valley, and the Mammoth mountain climate in Sierra Nevadas.
Ecology
California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and includes a number of terrestrial ecoregions.
A large number of endemic species in California include randa species, which have died elsewhere, such as the Catalina ironwood ( Lyonothamnus floribundus ). Many other endemics originate through adaptive differentiation or radiation, in which some species evolve from common ancestors to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as California lilac ( Ceanothus ). Many endemic California has become endangered, such as urbanization, logging, overgrowing, and the introduction of exotic species have penetrated their habitat.
Flora and fauna
California boasts some superlatives in the collection of flora: the largest trees, the tallest trees, and the oldest trees. The genuine California grass is an annual plant. After European contact, this is generally superseded by invasive European annual grass species; and, in modern times, the California hills turn into golden brown in summer.
Because California has the greatest diversity of climates and terrain, the country has six life zones that are the lower Sonoran (desert); Upper Sonoran (hilly terrain and some coastal land), transition (coastal areas and wet northeast districts); and the Canadian, Hudson and Arctic Zones, which comprise the state's highest elevation.
Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains the diversity of the original cactus, mesquite, and paloverde. The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert. Flowering plants include poppy dwarf desert and various daisies. Fremont cottonwood and valleys thrive in Central Valley. The upper Sonoran zones include the chaparral belt, characterized by small bush forests, dwarf trees, and herbaceous plants. Nemophila , mint, Phacelia , Viola , and California poppy ( Eschscholzia californica ) - country flower - this zone, along with lupine, more species going on here than anywhere else in the world.
The transition zone covers most of California forest with redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ) and the "big tree" or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), among the oldest living creatures on earth. (some are said to live at least 4,000 years). Tanbark oak, California laurel, pine sugar, madrona, leafy maple width, and Douglas-pine also grow here. The forest floor is covered with swordfern, alumnroot, barrenwort, and trilium, and there are shrubs of huckleberry, azalea, elder, and wild currants. Characters of wildflowers include varieties of mariposa, tulips, and leopards and leopard lilies.
The high altitude of the Canadian zone allows the pine Jeffrey, red fir, and lodgepole pine to flourish. Rubber areas abound with dwarf manzanita and ceanothus; a unique Sierra puffball is also found here. Just below the wooden line, in the Hudson zone, the whitebark, foxtail, and silver pines grow. At about 10,500 feet (3,200 m), the Arctic zone begins, an area without trees whose flora includes a number of wildflowers, including the Sierra primrose, yellow columbine, alpine buttercup, and alpine falling stars.
Common plants that have been introduced to the country include eucalyptus, acacia, pepper tree, geranium, and Scotch brooms. Species that are federally classified as endangered are Wallflower Contra Costa, primrose Antioch Dunes at night, Solano grass, San Clemente Island larkspur, salt marsh beak, McDonald rock-cress, and liveforever Santa Barbara Island. In December 1997, 85 plant species were listed as endangered or endangered.
In the desert of the lower Sonoran zone, mammals include rabbits, mouse kangaroos, squirrels, and opossums. Common birds include owls, roadrunners, cacti, and various species of eagles. The reptile life in the area includes a gypsy snake beside, desert tortoises, and horned frogs. The upper Sonoran Zone offers mammals such as antelope, brown woodrat, and ring-tailed cats. Unique birds for this zone are California thrasher, bushtit, and California condor.
In the transition zone, there are black-tailed black deer, black bears, gray foxes, puma, bobcats, and Roosevelt deer. Reptiles such as snakes garter and rattlesnakes occupy the zone. In addition, amphibians such as water puppies and redwood salamanders are also common. Birds such as kingfisher, chickadee, towhee, and hummingbird also live here.
Canadian zone mammals include mountain weasels, snowshoe rabbits, and several species of squirrels. Striking birds include blue-fronted jay, Sierra chickadee. Sierra hermit thrush, water ouzel, and Townsend's solitaire. When a person climbs into the Hudson zone, the bird becomes more scarce. While the rosy Sierra sparrow is the only native bird of the high Arctic region, other bird species such as hummingbirds and nutcracker Clark. Major mammals found in this region include the Sierra coney, the white-tailed jackababbit, and the bighorn sheep. In April 2003, bighorn sheep were listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Fauna found in several zones are deer mules, coyotes, mountain lions, northern flicker, and several species of eagles and sparrows.
Water life in California thrives, from state mountain lakes and rivers to rocky Pacific coast. Many species of trout were found, including rainbows, gold, and cruel. Migration of salmon species is also common. The forms of deep sea life include bass, yellowfin tuna, barracuda, and several whales. Derived from the cliffs of northern California are seals, sea lions, and many types of beach birds, including migratory species.
In April 2003, 118 California animals were on the federally endangered list; 181 plants listed as endangered or endangered. Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox, Beaver Point Arena mountain, Pacific pocket rats, salt marsum mice, Morro Bay kangaroo rat (and five other species of kangaroo rats), Amargosa vole, California's most distant, California condor, bush thorny spines, San Clemente sage sparrow, San Francisco garter snake, five species of salamander, three species of chub, and two species of pupfish. Eleven butterflies are also endangered and two are threatened on the federal list. Among endangered animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher, Paiut ruthless trout, southern sea otters, and northern spotted owl. California has a total of 290,821 acres (1,176.91 km 2 ) from National Wildlife Refuges. In September 2010, 123 California animals were listed as endangered or endangered on the federal list provided by US Fish & amp; Wildlife Services. Also, in the same year, 178 California plant species were listed as endangered or threatened on this federal list.
River
Most of the rivers in California are dammed as part of two major water projects: the Central Valley Project, providing water to Central Valley farms, and the California Water State Project diverts water from north to southern California. Beaches, rivers, and other state water bodies are governed by the Coastal Commission of California.
The two most prominent rivers in California are the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River, which drains the Central Valley and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and flows into the Pacific Ocean through the San Francisco Bay. Some of the major tributaries feed into Sacramento and San Joaquin, including the Pit River, the Tuolumne River, and the Feather River.
The Eel and Salinas Rivers each flow partly from the coasts of California, north and south of San Francisco Bay, and the Eel River is the largest river in the state to remain in an unstoppable natural state. The Mojave River is the main waterway in the Mojave Desert, and the Santa Ana River flows away from the Transversal Range as it splits Southern California. Some of the other important rivers are the Klamath River and the Trinity River on the north coast, and the Colorado River on the southeastern border with Arizona.
Territory
Demographics
Population
The US Census Bureau estimates that California's population is 39,250,017 on July 1, 2016, a 5.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census. Population is projected to reach 40 million by 2018 and 50 million by 2055.
Between 2000 and 2009, there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 (5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths). During this time period, international migration resulted in a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration resulted in a net reduction of 1,509,708, resulting in a net migration of 306,925 people. Statistics of the state of California show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1, 2009. However, according to the Manhattan Policy Research Institute, since 1990 nearly 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states, with most going to Texas, Nevada, and Arizona..
California is the second most populous sub-national entity in the Western Hemisphere and America, with a second population in the state of SÃÆ'â € "Paulo in Brazil. The California population is bigger than all of 34 countries in the world. The Greater Los Angeles Area is the second largest metropolitan area in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with nearly half the population of New York City, is the second largest city in the United States. Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of the most populous United States state for decades, and itself is more densely populated than 42 states of the United States. Including Los Angeles, four of the 15 most populous cities in the US are in California: Los Angeles (2), San Diego (8), San Jose (10), and San Francisco (13). California's population center is located in Buttonwillow, Kern County.
City and city
The country has 482 cities and towns joined, of which 460 are cities and 22 are cities. Under California law, the terms "city" and "city" are explicitly interchangeable; municipal names incorporated in states may be "City (Name)" or "City (Name)".
Sacramento became the first city founded in California on February 27, 1850. San Jose, San Diego and Benicia were tied to the second city of California, each receiving a merger on March 27, 1850. Jurupa Valley became the most recent municipality and to 482 on July 1st, 2011.
Most of these cities and cities are in one of five metropolitan areas: the Metropolitan Area of ​​Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay Area, the Riverside-San Bernardino Area, the San Diego metropolitan area, or the Sacramento metropolitan area.
Migration
Starting in 2010, for the first time since California Gold Rush, California-born residents constitute the majority of the state's population. Along with the rest of the United States, California's immigration patterns have also shifted during the late 2000s of the early 2010s. Immigration from Latin American countries has dropped significantly with most immigrants now coming from Asia. In total for 2011, there were 277,304 immigrants. 57% are from Asian countries vs. 22% of Latin American countries. Net immigration from Mexico, previously the most common country of origin for new immigrants, has dropped to zero/less than zero as more Mexicans leave for their home country than emigrate. As a result it is projected that Hispanic residents will be 49% of the population by 2060, not projected before 2050, primarily due to domestic births.
The population of illegal immigrant countries has shrunk in recent years, due to increased law enforcement and reduced employment opportunities for low-skilled workers. The number of arrested migrants attempting to cross the Mexican border in the Southwest has declined from 1.1 million in 2005 to 367,000 in 2011. Despite recent trends, illegal aliens constitute about 7.3 percent of the state population, the third highest percentage from any state in the country, totaling nearly 2.6 million. In particular, illegal immigrants tend to be concentrated in Los Angeles, Monterey, San Benito, Imperial, and Napa County - the latter four have significant agricultural industries that rely on manual labor. More than half of illegal immigrants come from Mexico.
National origins
According to the US Census Bureau by 2016, the population identifies itself as (alone or in combination):
- 72.7% White (including non-Hispanic/ Anglos and Hispanic whites)
- 14.8% Asia
- 6.5% Black or African American
- 3.8% Two or More Races
- 1.7% Native Americans and Native Alaskans
- 0.5% Hawaiian or Pacific Islanders
By ethnicity, by 2016 the population is 61.1% non-Hispanic (any race) and 38.9% Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Non-Hispanic whites represent 37.7% of the country's population.
As of 2011, 75.1% of California's population younger than age 1 is a minority, meaning that they have at least one non-Hispanic white parent (White Hispanics count as a minority).
In terms of total numbers, California has the largest population of White Americans in the United States, an estimated 22.2 million inhabitants. This state has the fifth largest African American population in the United States, about 2,250,000 inhabitants. The Asian-American population of California is estimated at 4.4 million, constituting one-third of the total nation. The California Native American of 285,000 is the most of every state.
According to estimates from 2011, California has the largest minority population in the United States of America, accounting for 60% of the state's population. Over the past 25 years, non-Hispanic whites have declined, while Hispanic and Asian populations have grown. Between 1970 and 2011, non-Hispanic whites declined from 80% of the country's population to 40%, while Hispanics grew from 32% in 2000 to 38% in 2011. It is currently projected that Hispanics will increase to 49% of the population by 2060, primarily due to domestic births rather than immigration. With the decline of immigration from Latin America, Asia America is now the fastest growing race/ethnic group in California; This growth is mainly driven by immigration from China, India and the Philippines, respectively.
Language
English serves as de jure and de facto California official language. In 2010, the American Modern Language Association estimated that 57.02% (19,429,309) California residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home, while 42.98% spoke other major languages ​​at home. According to the 2007 US Society Survey, 73% of people who speak languages ​​other than English at home can speak English well or very well, with 9.8% not speaking English at all. Like most US states (32 out of 50), California law preserves English as its official language, and has done so since the passing of Proposition 63 by California voters. Various government agencies, and are often asked to, provide documents in the various languages ​​needed to reach their intended audience.
In total, 16 languages ​​other than English are used as the home's main language by more than 100,000 people, more than any other country in the country. The State of New York, in second place, has 9 languages ​​other than English spoken by over 100,000 people. The most common language spoken in addition to English is Spanish, spoken by 28.46% (9,696,638) of the population. With Asia accounting for most of California's new immigrants, California has the highest concentration of Chinese and Chinese speakers, Korea's second highest concentration, and the third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers.
California has historically been one of the most plural areas in the world, with more than 70 native languages ​​coming from 64 major languages ​​in 6 language families. A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous Mexican languages ​​spoken among California's agricultural workers. All California native languages ​​are threatened, though there is now an attempt to revitalize the language.
As a result of the increasing diversity of countries and migrations from other regions throughout the country and around the world, linguists have begun to notice a set of prominent characteristics of oral American English in California since the late 20th century. This variety, known as California English, has a vocal shift and several other phonological processes that are different from the American English varieties used elsewhere in the United States.
Culture
The culture of California is a Western culture and most definitely has its modern roots in the culture of the United States, but also, historically, many Hispanic influences. As a border and coastal state, California's culture has been strongly influenced by some large immigrant populations, especially those from Latin America and Asia.
California has long been an interesting subject in the public mind and is often promoted by its amplifier as a kind of paradise. At the beginning of the 20th century, driven by state efforts and local drivers, many Americans see the Golden State as an ideal, sunny and dry destination throughout the year with easy access to the sea and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as casual people on the beach.
The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California's economic style, which tends to produce technology, social, entertainment, and economic modes and booms and related sculptures.
Religion
The largest denomination of religions with the number of followers as a percentage of California's population by 2014 is the Catholic Church with 28 percent, Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent, and frontline Protestants with 10 percent. Together, all Protestants cover 32 percent. Those who are not affiliated with religion represent 27 percent of the population. Another religious collapse is 1% Muslim, 2% Hindu and 2% Buddhist. This is a change from 2008, when residents identify their religion with the Catholic Church with 31 percent; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent; and mainline Protestants with 14 percent. In 2008, those unaffiliated with religion represented 21 percent of the population. The collapse of other religions in 2008 was 0.5% Muslim, 1% Hindu and 2% Buddhist. The American Jewish Year Book put the total Jewish population of California around 1,194,190 in 2006. According to the Association of Archives of Religion Data (ARDA) the largest denomination by its adherents in 2010 was the Roman Catholic Church with 10,233,334; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 763,818; and Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953.
The first priest who came to California was a Roman Catholic missionary from Spain. Roman Catholics established 21 missions along the coast of California, as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. California continues to have a large Roman Catholic population because large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans live within its borders. California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the archdiocese of San Francisco, formerly the largest archdiocese in the United States.
A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than other parts of the US: 62 percent of Californians say they are "absolutely sure" of their belief in God, while in that country 71 percent say so. The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is "very important", compared with 56 percent nationally.
Sports
California has twenty major league sports leagues, far more than any other state. The San Francisco Bay area has seven major league teams spread across three major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. While the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to the top ten league franchises. San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team. The NFL Super Bowl has been held in California 11 times in four different stadiums: the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and the Qualcomm Stadium San Diego. The twelfth century, Super Bowl 50, was held at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara on February 7, 2016.
California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs. California is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose Bowl, among others.
California is the only US state hosting the Summer and Winter Olympics. The Summer Olympics of 1932 and 1984 were held in Los Angeles. Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics. Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics, marking California's fourth time hosting the Olympics. Several games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California, with the Rose Bowl hosting eight games including the final, while Stanford Stadium held six matches.
Below is a list of major league sports teams in California:
Education
Public secondary education consists of secondary schools that teach elective courses in trade, language, and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industry-bound art students. California's public education system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment requiring minimum annual funding levels for K-12 classes and community colleges that grow with enrollment rates for economy and students.
California has more than 6.2 million school students in the 2005-06 school year. Funding levels and staff at California schools lag behind other countries. In spending per pupil, California ranks 29 (out of 50 states and the District of Columbia) in 2005-06. In teaching staff expenditure per student, California ranks 49 out of 51. Overall teacher-student ratio, California is also 49, with 21 students per teacher. Only Arizona and Utah are inferior.
A 2007 study concluded that California's public school system was "broken" due to suffering over-regulation.
California's public postsecondary education offers three separate systems:
- University research system in the state is the University of California (UC), the state university system. In the fall of 2011, the University of California has a combined student of 234,464 students. There are ten general UC campuses, and a number of specialized campuses in UC systems, such as UC San Francisco, which is fully dedicated to post-graduate education in healthcare, and is home to UCSF Medical Center, California's highest ranked hospital. The system was originally intended to receive eighth-grade students from high school in California, but some schools became more selective. The UC system was originally granted exclusive authority in granting PhD, but this has changed and CSU can also provide multiple Doctorate degrees.
- The California State University (CSU) system has nearly 430,000 students. CSU was originally intended to receive a top third of California high school students, but some schools have become much more selective. CSU was originally established to provide bachelor and master degrees, but has since been given the authority to grant several Doctorate degrees.
- The California Community Colleges System provides lower division courses as well as basic skills and labor training. It is the largest higher education network in the US, consisting of 112 colleges that serve a student population of over 2.6 million.
California is also home to leading private universities such as Stanford University, the University of Southern California, the California Institute of Technology, and Claremont Colleges. California has hundreds of other private universities and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions.
Twin region
California has a twin arrangement with the Catalonia region in Spain.
Economy
The California economy is big enough to be comparable to the largest countries. By 2017, gross country product (GSP) is about $ 2.75 trillion ($ 70,000 per capita), the largest in the United States. California is responsible for 13.9 percent of the estimated US $ 18.1 trillion in US gross domestic product (GDP). By 2015, nominal GDP of California is greater than all but 4 countries (United States, China, Japan and Germany). In Purchasing Power Parity, it is bigger than all but 10 countries (USA, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil, France, UK, and Indonesia).
The five largest employment sectors in California are trade, transportation, and utilities; government; professional and business services; education and health services; and vacations and hospitality. In output, the five largest sectors are financial services, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; government; and manufacturing. In September 2016, California had a 5.5% unemployment rate.
The California economy relies on trade and international trade-related accounts for about a quarter of the country's economy. In 2008, California exported $ 144 billion worth of goods, up from $ 134 billion in 2007 and $ 127 billion in 2006. Computers and electronics products are the top exports in California, accounting for 42 percent of all state exports in 2008.
Agriculture is an important sector in the California economy. Agricultural-related sales have more than quadrupled over the last three decades, from $ 7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $ 31 billion in 2004. This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decrease in areas devoted to agriculture during the period , and water supply suffering from chronic instability. Factors contributing to sales growth per hectare include more intensive use of active farmland and technological improvements in crop production. In 2008, California's 81,500 farms and livestock farms generated product revenues of $ 36.2 billion. In 2011, that number increased to $ 43.5 billion in product revenue. The Agricultural sector accounts for two percent of the state's GDP and employs about three percent of its total workforce. According to the USDA in 2011, three of California's largest agricultural products by value are milk and cream, almonds, and grapes.
GDP per capita in 2007 was $ 38,956, ranking eleventh in the country. Per capita income varies greatly by geographical area and profession. The Central Valley is the poorest, with migrant farm workers making wages less than the minimum wage. According to a 2005 report by the Congressional Research Service, San Joaquin Valley is characterized as one of the most economically depressed regions in the United States, equivalent to the Appalachian region. California has a 23.5% poverty rate, the highest of all states in the country. Many coastal cities include some of the richest per capita regions in the United States. The high-tech sector in Northern California, in particular the Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara and San Mateo districts, has emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot-com bust.
In 2010, there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state, more than any other country in the country. In 2010, California residents ranked first among states with the best average credit score being 754.
Country finance
State expenditures increased from $ 56 billion in 1998 to $ 127 billion in 2011. California, with 12% of the US population, holds a third of the nation's welfare recipients. California has the third highest per capita expense for welfare among states, as well as the highest spending on welfare of $ 6.67 billion. In January 2011, California's total debt was at least $ 265 billion. On June 27, 2013, Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget (no deficit) for the state, the first in decades; But the country's debt remains at $ 132 billion.
With the passage of Proposition 30 in 2012, California now imposes a 13.3% maximum marginal income tax rate with ten tax brackets, ranging from 1% in the bottom tax group from annual income of $ 0 per annum to 13.3% for annual individual incomes more than $ 1,000,000. California has a state sales tax of 7.5%, although local governments can and do additional sales tax collection. Much of this tax is temporary for a period of seven years (as set out in Proposition 30) and then returns to the previous list of maximum marginal income tax of 10.3% and the state sales tax rate of 7.25%.
All real property is taxed every year; the tax is based on the fair market value of the property at the time of purchase or new construction. Property tax increase is limited by 2% per year, per Proposition 13.
Infrastructure
Energy
Because it is the most populous country in the United States, California is one of the largest energy users in the country. But because of its high energy levels, conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movements, energy use per capita is one of the smallest of any US country. Due to high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other country, notably hydropower from the state in the Northwest Pacific (via Line 15 and Line 66) and coal and natural gas production from the Southwest desert via Line 46.
As a result of the country's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy intentions in the United States, targeting California to get a third of its electricity from renewable energy by 2020. Currently, several solar power plants such as Solar Energy Generation is in the Mojave Desert. Wind farms in California include Altamont Pass, San Gorgonio Pass, and Tehachapi Pass. Several dams across the state provide hydro-electric power. It is possible to convert total supplies to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.
The state's crude oil and natural gas reserves are located in the Central Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-powered power plants are usually responsible for more than half of the country's power plants.
California is also home to two major nuclear power plants: Diablo Canyon and San Onofre, the latter has been closed in 2013. Voters have banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since the late 1970s due to fears over the disposal of radioactive waste. In addition, some cities like Oakland, Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves nuclear free zones.
Transportation
The vast area of ​​California is connected to an extensive system of controlled access roads ('highways'), limited access roads ('freeways'), and highways. California is known for its car culture, giving the city of California the reputation of severe traffic jams. Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning is primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transport, dubbed "Caltrans". The rapidly growing population of the country is pressuring all transport links, and California has some of the worst roads in the United States. The 19th Annual Report of the State Highway Systems Thought Foundation places the California highway as the third worst of any state, with the second Alaska, and the first Rhode Island.
The country has become a pioneer in road construction. One of the more visible landmarks of the country, the Golden Gate Bridge, is the world's largest longest suspension bridge at 4,200 feet (1,300 m) between 1937 (when opened) and 1964. With orange paint and panoramic scenery
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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