Cambridge, Massachusetts

src: lesley.edu

Cambridge ( "English respelling pronunciation"> KAYM -brij ) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts , and part of the Boston metropolitan area.

Located just north of Boston, across from the Charles River, it is named in honor of Cambridge University in England, an important center of Puritan theology shared by the city's founders.

Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), two of the most prestigious universities in the world, were in Cambridge, such as Radcliffe College, one of the leading universities for women in the United States to join Harvard on October 1, 1999.

According to the 2010 Census, the city's population is 105,162. In July 2014, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, Springfield and Lowell. Cambridge was one of two Middlesex County seats, though local government was abolished in 1997; Lowell is another.

Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", referring to the high concentration of entrepreneurship and the quality of innovation that has emerged since 2010.

Video Cambridge, Massachusetts

Histori

In December 1630, what location would Cambridge be chosen because it was safe upriver from the Port of Boston, making it easily defended from enemy ship attacks. Thomas Dudley, his daughter, Anne Bradstreet, and her husband Simon were one of the first settlers in the city. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631. These settlements were originally referred to as "newe towne". The official Massachusetts records show the given name as Newe Towne in 1632, and as Newtowne in 1638. Located on the first comfortable Charles River that crosses west of Boston, Newe Towne is one of a number of cities (including Boston, Dorchester, Watertown, and Weymouth) was founded by 700 Puritan colonies of the original Massachusetts Bay Colony under Governor John Winthrop. His first preacher was Thomas Hooker, who led many of the original inhabitants of the west in 1636 to find Hartford and the Connecticut Colonies; before leaving, they sell their plot to new immigrants from the UK. The original village site is in the heart of Harvard Square today. The market where farmers bring crops from the surrounding cities to sell survive today as a small park on the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Road, then on the edge of salt marsh (as it is filled). The city has a much wider area than the present city, with various remote parts being self-sufficient for many years: Cambridge Village (later Newtown and now Newton) in 1688, Cambridge Farms (now Lexington) in 1712 or 1713, and Little or South Cambridge (now Brighton) and Menotomy or West Cambridge (now Arlington) in 1807. By the end of the 19th century, various schemes to annex Cambridge to Boston were pursued and rejected.

In 1636, Newe College (later renamed Harvard College after generous John Harvard) was established by the colony to train ministers. According to Cotton Mather, Newe Towne was chosen for campus location by the Great and General Court (Massachusetts legislature) primarily because of its proximity to the well-known and highly respected Puritan Thomas Shepard minister. In May 1638, the name of the settlement was changed to Cambridge to honor the university in Cambridge, England. Hooker and Shepard, the Newtowne minister, and the first president of college, primary helper, and first principal are all Cambridge alumni, as well as the colonist John Winthrop. In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of a Boston city founding document, known as the Cambridge Treaty, after the university. In 1650, Governor Thomas Dudley signed a charter that created a corporation that still governs Harvard College.

Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles (13 km) by road from Boston, the capital of the colony. With the American Revolution, the majority of the population lives near Common and Harvard College, with most cities consisting of agriculture and plantations. Most of the inhabitants are descendants of the original Puritan colony, but there is also a small "decent" Anglican elite who is not involved in village life, making their living from plantations, investing and trading, and living in luxury homes along the "Way to Watertown "(Brattle Street today, still known as Tory Row). Coming from Virginia, George Washington took command of an American army of volunteers who camped at Cambridge Common on July 3, 1775, now taking into account the birthplace of the US Army. Most of the Tory plantations were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24, 1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery drawn from Fort Ticonderoga, allowing Washington to drive British troops out of Boston.

Between 1790 and 1840, Cambridge grew rapidly, with the construction of the West Boston Bridge in 1792 linking Cambridge directly to Boston, so it was no longer necessary to travel eight miles (13 km) through Boston Neck, Roxbury and Brookline to cross the Charles River. The second bridge, Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 next to the new Canal Middlesex. New bridges and roads make what used to be plantations and swamplands into major industrial and residential areas.

In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of literary revolution. It is home to some famous Fireside poets - so called because their poetry is often recited by families in front of their evening fire. The Fireside Poets - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes - are very popular and influential in their day.

Soon after that, turnpikes were built: Cambridge and Concord Turnpike (now Broadway and Concord Ave.), Middlesex Turnpike (Hampshire St. and Massachusetts Ave. northwest of Porter Square), and what's in Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets today various areas of Cambridge to the bridge. In addition, the city is connected to Boston & amp; Maine Railroad, leads to the development of Porter Square as well as the creation of neighboring Somerville from the previous rural part of Charlestown.

Cambridge was founded as a city in 1846 despite the ongoing tension between East Cambridge, Cambridgeport, and Old Cambridge derived from differences in the culture, source of income, and national origin of citizens. The city's commercial center is beginning to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which is the city center around today. Between 1850 and 1900, Cambridge took on many contemporary characters - suburban development along the highway, with a working-class and industrial environment focused on East Cambridge, a comfortable middle-class estate on former Cambridgeport and Mid-Cambridge plantations, and pockets upscale near Harvard University and on the small hills. The arrival of the railroads to North Cambridge and West Cambridge led to three major changes: the development of a large brick factory and a wall between Massachusetts Ave., Concord Ave. and Alewife Brook; the ice-cutting industry launched by Frederic Tudor at Fresh Pond; and sculpting from the last estate to the housing subdivision to accommodate the thousands of immigrants who arrive to work in the new industry.

For decades, the largest company in the city was the New England Glass Company, founded in 1818. In the mid-19th century, this was the largest and most modern glass factory in the world. In 1888, Edward Drummond Libbey transferred all production to Toledo, Ohio, where he continued today under the name Owens-Illinois. Flint wine glasses with heavy lead content are appreciated by antique glass collectors. Nothing is publicly displayed in Cambridge, but the Toledo Museum of Art has many collections. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Glass Sandwich Museum on Cape Cod also have several sections.

In 1920, Cambridge was one of New England's major industrial cities, with nearly 120,000 inhabitants. Among Cambridge's largest businesses during the industrialization period was the Carter Ink Company, whose long neon sign adorned the Charles River and which for many years was the world's largest ink producer. Next door is the Atheneum Press. Manufacturers of confectionery and snacks in the corridor Cambridgeport-4-Kendall area including the Kennedy Biscuit Factory (part Nabisco and originator of the Fig Newton), Necco, Squirrel Brands), George Close Company (1861-1930s), Daggett Chocolate (1892) -1960 , whose recipe was bought by Necco), Fox Cross Company (1920-1980, originator of the Charleston Chew, and now part of Tootsie Roll Industries), Kendall Confectionery Company, and James O. Welch (1927-1963, founder of Junior Mints, Sugar Daddies, Sugar Mamas and Sugar Babies, now part of Tootsie Roll Industries). Only Cambridge Brands subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries still in town, still producing Junior Mint at the old Welch factory on Main Street. The Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company (1886), Kendall Boiler and Tank Company (1880, now in Chelmsford, Massachusetts) and the New England Glass Company (1818-1878) was among the producers in the industry are now Kendall Square and East Cambridge.

When industry in New England began to decline during the Great Depression and after World War II, Cambridge lost much of its industrial base. It also began to be an intellectual center, not an industry. Harvard University is always important both as a landowner and an institution, but is beginning to play a more dominant role in city life and culture. When Radcliffe College was founded in 1879, the city became a mecca for some of the most academically gifted female students. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology movement from Boston in 1916 strengthened Cambridge's status as the intellectual center of the United States.

After the 1950s, city dwellers began to decline slowly as families tend to be replaced by single people and young couples. The 1980s brought a wave of high tech startups, creating software like Visicalc and Lotus 1-2-3, and advanced computers, but many of these companies fell into decline with the fall of mini-computers and DOS-based systems. The city continues to be home to many startups. Kendall Square is the ultimate software center through the dot-com boom and today hosts a major technology company like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, and Akamai's headquarters.

In 1976, Harvard's plan to start experiments with recombinant DNA led to a three-month moratorium and a review panel of citizens. Eventually, Cambridge decided to allow the experiment but passed the safety rules in 1977. This led to the certainty and acceptance of the rules when Biogen opened the laboratory in 1982, in contrast to the hostility that caused the Genetic Institute (Harvard spin-off) to leave Somerville and Boston for Cambridge. The biotech and pharmaceutical industries have since grown in Cambridge, which now includes headquarters for Biogen and Genzyme; laboratories for Novartis, Teva, Takeda, Alnylam, Ironwood, Catabasis, Moderna Therapeutics, Editas Medicine; supporting companies like Cytel; and many small companies.

By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most expensive housing markets in the Northeastern United States. While the great diversity of classes, races, and ages survives, it becomes increasingly difficult for those who grew up in the city to stay. The end of lease control in 1994 prompted many Cambridge tenants to move to more affordable housing in Somerville and other cities or towns.

Until recently, Cambridge's various facilities and proximity to Boston kept house prices relatively stable despite the housing bubble of the United States. Cambridge has been a city of asylum since 1985 and reaffirmed its status in 2006.

Maps Cambridge, Massachusetts

Geography

According to the US Census Bureau, Cambridge has an area of ​​7.1 square miles (18 km ² ), which is 6.4 square miles (17 km ² ) is ground and 0, 7 square miles (1.8 km ² ) (9.82%) is water.

adjacent municipality

Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, limited by:

• the city of Boston to the south (across the Charles River) and east
• the town of Somerville to the north
• Arlington city to the northwest
• Belmont city and
• the city of Watertown in the west

The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of Somerville passes through a densely populated neighborhood linked by the MBTA Red Line. Some of the main squares, Inman, Porter, and to a lesser extent, Harvard and Lechmere, are very close to the city line, such as Somerville's Union and Davis Squares.

Through Cambridge's exclusive city city water system, the city further controls two exlave areas, one of which is Payson Park Reservoir and Gatehouse, a registered 2009 American Watermark located about a mile west of Fresh Pond and surrounded by the city of Belmont. The second area is the larger Hobbs Brook and Stony Brook Hamlet, which borders neighboring towns and cities including Lexingon, Lincoln, Waltham, and Weston, Massachusetts.

Nearby Areas

Squares

Cambridge is called the "Town of the Box", as most of its commercial district is a major crossroads known as the square. Each square acts as the center of the environment. These include:

• Kendall Square, formed by the intersections of Broadway, Main Street, and Third Street. This is also known as Technology Square , names shared with clusters of office buildings and laboratories in the neighborhood. Just above the Longfellow Bridge from Boston, on the eastern edge of the MIT campus, it is serviced by Kendall/MIT stations on the MBTA Red Line subway. Most of Cambridge's major office buildings are here, giving a kind of office park feel. A growing biotech industry has grown in this area. The Cambridge Innovation Center, a large shared workspace, is located at Kendall Square on Broadway 1. The Cambridge Central office complex is located in Kendall Square, and not in the actual Cambridge center. The "One Kendall Square" complex is nearby, but not exactly disconcerting in Kendall Square.
• Central Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street, and Western Avenue. Famous for its many ethnic restaurants, rather seedy like the late 1990s; It has experienced controversial gentrification in recent years (along with the development of nearby University Park at MIT), and continues to grow more expensive. It is served by Central Station stop on the MBTA Red Line subway. Lafayette Square , formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, and Main Street, is considered part of the Central Square area. Cambridgeport is located south of Central Square along Magazine Street and Brookline Street.
• Harvard Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and JFK Street. This is the main site of Harvard University and the main Cambridge shopping area. It is served by Red Line station. Harvard Square was originally the northwest tip of the Red Line and the main transfer point to the tram that also operates in the short tunnel - which is still the main bus terminal, although the area under the Square was dramatically re-arranged in the 1980s when the Red Line was extended. The Harvard Square area includes Brattle Square and Eliot Square . The short distance from the square lies Cambridge Common, while the northern neighborhood of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is known as Agassiz, after renowned scientist Louis Agassiz.
• Porter Square, about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, at the intersection of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues. These include parts of the city of Somerville and served by Porter Square Station, residential complex of the Red Line stop and the Fitchburg Line commuter rail. University of Lesley and Porter campus are in Porter Square.
• Inman Square, at the crossroads of Cambridge and Hampshire streets in Mid-Cambridge. It is home to many diverse restaurants, bars, music venues and boutiques. Streetlights, benches, and Victorian-style bus stops were recently added to the streets, and newly installed city parks.
• Lechmere Square, at Cambridge intersection and the first streets, is adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping center. This is probably best known as the northern terminal of MBTA Green Line, at Lechmere Station.

Picture gallery

• Cambridge Region

Other environments

The Cambridge residential neighborhood boundary but not defined by the box. East Cambridge (Area 1) borders north by Somerville, east of the Charles River, to the south by Broadway and Main Street, and to the west by the Grand Junction Railroad. This includes NorthPoint development.

The MIT campus (Area 2) is bordered to the north by Broadway, to the south and east by the Charles River, and to the west by the Grand Junction Railroad.

Wellington-Harrington (Area 3) is bordered to the north by Somerville, to the south and west by Hampshire Street, and to the east by the Grand Junction Railroad. Called as "Mid-Block".

The port, formerly known as Area 4, borders north by Hampshire Street, south of Massachusetts Avenue, to the west by Prospect Street, and to the east by the Grand Junction Railroad. Area People 4 often only mentions their environment "The Port" and the Cambridgeport and Riverside area "The Coast". In October 2015, the City Council of Cambridge officially renamed the Area 4 "The Port," formalizing the old nickname, largely on the initiative of the locals and then-Deputy Mayor Dennis Benzan.

Cambridgeport (Area 5) is bordered to the north by Massachusetts Avenue, south of the Charles River, to the west by River Street, and to the east by the Grand Junction Railroad.

Mid-Cambridge (Area 6) borders north by Kirkland and Hampshire Streets and Somerville, to the south by Massachusetts Avenue, to the west by Peabody Street, and to the east by Prospect Street.

The Riverside (Area 7), an area sometimes called "The Coast," is bordered north by Massachusetts Avenue, south of the Charles River, to the west by JFK Street, and to the east by River Street.

Agassiz (Harvard North) (Area 8) is bordered north by Somerville, to the south and east of Kirkland Street, and to the west by Massachusetts Avenue.

Around Nine or Radcliffe (formerly called Peabody, until the recent relocation of a neighborhood school by the name) is bordered north by the railway, to the south by Concord Avenue, to the west by train, and to the east by Massachusetts Avenue.

The Avon Hill sub-neighborhood consists of higher elevations within an area bounded by Upland Road, Raymond Street, Linnaean Street and Massachusetts Avenue.

The Brattle/West Cambridge area (Area 10) is bordered north by Concord Avenue and Garden Street, south of the Charles River and Watertown, to the west by the Fresh Pond and Collins Branch Library, and to the east by JFK Street. These include sub-environments from Brattle Street (formerly known as Tory Row) and Huron Village.

North Cambridge (Area 11) is bordered to the north by Arlington and Somerville, to the south by rail, to the west by Belmont, and to the east by Somerville.

Cambridge Highlands (Area 12) borders north and east by rail, on the south by the Fresh Pond, and west by Belmont.

Strawberry Hill (Area 13) is bordered to the north by the Fresh Pond, to the south by Watertown, to the west by Belmont, and to the east by the railway.

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Demographics

At the 2010 census, there were 105,162 people, 44,032 households, and 17,420 families living in the city. Population density was 16,354.9 people per square mile (6,314.6/km ²). There are 47,291 housing units with an average density of 7,354.7 per square mile (2,840.3/km ²). City racial makeup is 66.60% White, 11.70% Black or African American, 0.20% Native Americans, 15.10% Asian (3.7% China, 1.4% India Asia, 1.2% Korea, 1.0% Japan), 0.01% Pacific Island, 2.10% of other races, and 4.30% of two or more races. 7.60% of Hispanic or Latino populations of any race (1.6% Puerto Rico, 1.4% Mexico, 0.6% Dominica, 0.5% Colombia, 0.5% Salvador, 0.4% Spain). Non-Hispanic Whites were 62.1% of the population in 2010, down from 89.7% in 1970. A Cambridge resident was known as Cantabrigian.

In 2010, there were 44,032 households of 16.9% who had children under 18 living with them, 28.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had non-husbands female households, and 60 , 4% are not family. 40.7% of all households consist of individuals and 9.6% have someone living alone 65 or older. The average household size is 2.00 and the average family size is 2.76.

In the city, the population is spread by 13.3% of the population under the age of 18, 21.2% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there are 96.1 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 94.7 men.

The average income for households in the city is $ 47,979, and the average income for families is $ 59,423 (these figures have increased to $ 58,457 and $ 79,533 respectively as of 2007 estimates). Men have an average income of $ 43,825 versus $ 38,489 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 31,156. About 8.7% of families and 12.9% of the population are below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under the age of 18 and 12.9% of those aged 65 and older.

Cambridge has been classified as one of the most liberal cities in America. Locals living in and near the city jokingly call it the "People's Republic of Cambridge." For 2016, residential property tax rates in Cambridge are $ 6.99 per $ 1,000. Cambridge enjoyed the highest bond rating, AAA, with the three Wall Street rating agencies.

In 2000, 11.0% of the city's population came from Irish ancestors; 7.2% are English, 6.9% Italian, 5.5% West Indian and 5.3% of German descent. 69.4% speak English only at home, while 6.9% speak Spanish, 3.2% Chinese or Mandarin, 3.0% Portuguese, 2.9% French Creole, 2.3% French, 1.5 % Korea, and 1.0% Italy.

Earnings

The data comes from the US Population Survey 5 Year 2009-2013.

src: lesley.edu

Economy

Manufacturing was an important part of the Cambridge economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but educational institutions were the largest employers today. Harvard and MIT together employed around 20,000. As the cradle of technological innovation, Cambridge is home to Analog Devices, Akamai, Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN Technologies) (now part of Raytheon), General Radio (later GenRad) technology, Lotus Development Corporation (now part of IBM) , Polaroid, Symbolic, and Thinking Machine.

In 1996, Polaroid, Arthur D. Little, and Lotus were superiors over Cambridge, with over 1,000 employees, but they faded away a few years later. Health care and biotechnology companies such as Genzyme, Biogen Idec, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Pfizer, and Novartis have a significant presence in the city. Although based in Switzerland, Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge. Other major biotech and pharmaceutical companies are expanding their presence in Cambridge including GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Shire, and Pfizer. Most Cambridge biotech companies are located in Kendall Square and East Cambridge, which a few decades ago was the city's manufacturing center. Others are at University Park at MIT, a new development in other manufacturing areas before.

None of the high-tech companies that once dominated the economy were among the 25 largest companies in 2005, but in 2008 Akamai and ITA Software were. Google, IBM Research, Microsoft Research, and Research Philips maintains an office in Cambridge. At the end of January 2012 - less than a year after the acquisition of Billerica based analytics database management company, Vertica - Hewlett-Packard announced it would open its first office in Cambridge. Also around that time, the e-commerce giants Staples and Amazon.com said they would open a research and innovation center in Kendall Square. And LabCentral provides joint laboratory facilities for approximately 25 emerging biotech companies.

The proximity of Cambridge universities also makes the city a center for nonprofit groups and think tanks, including the National Economic Research Bureau, the Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory, Lincoln Land Policy Institute, Cultural Survival, and One Laptop per Child.

In September 2011, the City of Cambridge launched the "Entrepreneur Walk of Fame" initiative. It seeks to recognize the people who have made a contribution to innovation in global business.

Top entrepreneurs

By 2015, the top ten city companies are:

src: bostonprivatetours.com

Art and culture

Museum

• The Harvard Art Museum, including the Busch-Reisinger Museum, the German art collection Fogg Art Museum, a comprehensive collection of Western art, and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Middle Eastern and Asian art collections
• The Harvard Natural History Museum, including the Glass Flower collection
• Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard
• Semitic Museum, Harvard
• MIT Museum
• List of Visual Arts Center, MIT

Public art

Cambridge has a large and diverse permanent collection of public art, in both municipal property (managed by Cambridge Arts Council) and Harvard and MIT campuses. Temporary public artworks are featured as part of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the Charles River, during winter festivities at Harvard and Central Squares, and at university campus locations. Experimental forms of public art and cultural expression include Central Square World's Fair, Honk-based annual Somerville! Festivals, and If This Home Can Speak, environmental art and historical events. Street musicians and other artists entertain tourists and locals at Harvard Square during the warmer months. Performances are coordinated through a public process that has been developed collaboratively by players, city administrators, private organizations, and business groups. The Cambridge Public Library contains four Works Progress Administration paintings completed in 1935 by Elizabeth Tracy Montminy: Religion , Pure Art , History of Books and Papers , and Development of Printing Machine .

Architecture

Despite intensive urbanization during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Cambridge has several historic buildings, including some from the 17th century. The city also has abundant contemporary architecture, mostly built by Harvard and MIT.

The city's famous historic buildings include :

• The Asa Gray House (1810)
• Austin Hall, Harvard University (1882-84)
• Cambridge Town Hall (1888-1989)
• Cambridge Public Library (1888)
• Christ Church, Cambridge (1761)
• Cooper-Frost-Austin House (1689-1817)
• Elmwood House (1767), the residence of president of Harvard University
• First Church of Christ, Scientist (1924-30)
• First Parish in Cambridge (1833)
• Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church (1891-93)
• Harvard Lampoon Building (1909)
• Hooper-Lee-Nichols House (1685-1850)
• The National Historic Site of the Longfellow House-Washington National Office (1759), former home of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and George Washington headquarters
• Harvard University Memorial Church (1932)
• Memorial Hall, Harvard University (1870-77)
• Middlesex County Courthouse (1814-48)
• Urban Rowhouse (1875)
• O'Reilly Spite House (1908), built to help neighbors who do not want to sell their adjacent land

Contemporary architecture :

• Baker House Hostel, MIT, by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto, one of two Aalto buildings in the US
• Harvard Graduate Center/Harkness Commons, by The Architects Collaborative (TAC, with Walter Gropius)
• The Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Harvard, the only Le Corbusier building in North America
• Harvard Science Center, Holyoke Center, and Peabody Terrace, by Catalan architect and Harvard Design Graduate School Dean Josep LluÃÆ's Sert
• Kresge Auditorium, MIT, by Eero Saarinen
• MIT Chapel, by Eero Saarinen
• Building Research Design, by Benjamin Thompson and Associates
• The American Academy of Arts and Science, by Kallmann McKinnell and Wood, also the architect of Boston City Hall
• Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard, one of several buildings in the US by Pritzker Prize winner James Stirling
• Harvard Art Museum, major renovation and expansion of the Fogg Museum building, completed in 2014 by Renzo Piano
• Stata Center, MIT, by Frank Gehry
• Simmons Hall, MIT, by Steven Holl

Music

The city has an active music, ranging from classic performances to the latest popular bands. Beyond its colleges and universities, Cambridge has many music venues, including the Middle East, Club Passim, The Plow and Stars, and Nameless Coffeehouse.

Parks and recreation

Mostly comprised of densely populated dwellings, Cambridge has no significant sidewalks from public parks. Accessible open spaces on university campuses, including Harvard Yard, Radcliffe Yard, and Great Lawn MIT, as well as wide open spaces from Mount Auburn Cemetery, partially offset this. On the western edge of Cambridge, the cemetery is known as the first garden cemetery, for its extraordinary inhabitants, because of its magnificent landscape (the oldest landscape planned in the country), and as a first-class arboretum. Although known as a Cambridge landmark, many graves are located within Watertown. It is also an Important Bird Area (IBA) in the Greater Boston area.

Public parks include esplanades along the Charles River, reflecting the Boston partners; Cambridge Common, a busy and historic public park adjacent to the Harvard campus; and Alewife Brook Reservation and Fresh Pond in western Cambridge.

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Government

Federal and state representations

Cambridge is divided between the 5th and 7th congress districts of Massachusetts. The 5th district seat is held by Democrat Katherine Clark, who replaces now Senator Ed Markey in 2013 special election; 7 represented by Democrat Mike Capuano, was elected in 1998. The country's senior United States Senator is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, elected in 2012, who lives in Cambridge. The governor of Massachusetts is Republican Charlie Baker, elected in 2014.

Cambridge is represented in six districts of Massachusetts House of Representatives: Middlesex 24th (which includes Belmont and Arlington sections), Middlesex 25 and 26 (the latter including Somerville section), Middlesex 29th (which includes a small section of Watertown), and Suffolk Eighth and Nine (both including parts of Boston City). The city is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as part of the Suffolk and Middlesex First districts, containing parts of Boston, Revere and Winthrop in Suffolk County; Middlesex, Suffolk and Essex districts, covering Everett and Somerville, with Boston, Chelsea, and Revere of Suffolk, and Saugus in Essex; and the Suffolk and Middlesex Second districts, containing parts of Boston City in Suffolk County, and Cambridge, Belmont and Watertown in Middlesex County.

City government

Cambridge has a municipal government headed by a mayor and nine-member city council. There is also a six-member school committee that works with the general school superintendent. Board members and school committees are elected every two years using a single voice transfer system (STV). Cambridge is the only government unit in the country that elects its board with this method, which uses voting rankings to obtain proportional representation (Minneapolis uses it for the grand council).

The mayor is elected by city councilors from among themselves, and serves as chairman of the city council meeting. The mayor also sat on the school committee. The mayor is not the city's chief executive. Instead, the city manager, who is appointed by the city council, serves in that capacity.

Under the form of the E Plan city government, the city council has no authority to appoint or remove city officials under the direction of city managers. The city council and its individual members are also prohibited from giving orders to subordinates of city managers.

Louis DePasquale is the City Manager, after replacing Lisa C. Peterson, City Manager of Acting and Cambridge's first Cambridge City Manager on November 14, 2016. Peterson became City Manager Acting on September 30, 2016, after Richard C. Rossi announced that he would opt out contract renewal. Rossi replaces Robert W. Healy, who retired in June 2013 after 32 years in that position. In recent history, the media has highlighted the salaries of city managers as one of the highest for Massachusetts civil servants.

* = current mayor
** = former mayor

Local government

Cambridge is a county county of Middlesex County, along with Lowell, until the abolition of local government. Although local government was abolished in 1997, this area still exists as a geographical and political area. The Middlesex County court clerks, prisons, registrars, and other county agents are now working directly for the state. Deeds and Probate registrars from the district remained in Cambridge, but the High Court and District Attorney have moved their operations to Woburn. The Third District Court has transferred operations to Medford, and the county Sheriff's office is awaiting short-term relocation.

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Education

Higher education

Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual center. Colleges and universities include:

• Cambridge School of Culinary Arts
• Harvard University
• Hult International Business School
• Lesley University
• The Longy School of Bard College of Music
• The Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Radcliffe College (now joined Harvard College)

At least 129 out of a total of 780 Nobel Prize winners in the world at some point in their careers have been affiliated with Cambridge universities.

The American Academy of Art and Science is also based in Cambridge.

Primary and secondary education primary

• Amigos School
• Baldwin School (formerly Agassiz School)
• Cambridgeport School
• Fletcher-Maynard Academy
• Graham and School Alternative School
• Haggerty School
• Kennedy-Longfellow School
• Open School King
• Martin Luther King, Jr. School
• Morse School (Core Knowledge school)
• Peabody School
• Tobin School (Montessori school)

The five middle schools offer grades 6-8 in the same buildings as primary schools:

• Amigos School
• Cambridge Street Upper School
• Putnam Avenue Upper School
• Rindge Avenue High School
• Vassal Lane Upper School

Cambridge has three public high school programs, mainly Cambridge Rindge and Latin School (CRLS).

Other public charter schools include Benjamin Banneker Charter School, which serves K-6 grades; Community Charter School of Cambridge at Kendall Square, serving classes 7-12; and Prospect Hill Academy, a charter school whose upper school is in Central Square although not part of the Cambridge Public School District.

Primary and secondary private education

Cambridge also has several private schools, including:

• Boston Diocese Choir School
• Buckingham Browne & amp; Nichols
• Cambridge Montessori School
• Cambridge Religious Society of Friends School
• Fayerweather Street School
• Boston International School (formerly ÃÆ' â € ° Cole Bilingue)
• Matignon High School
• Shady Hill School
• St. Peter's School

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Media

Newspapers

Cambridge is served by Cambridge Chronicle, the oldest surviving weekly newspaper in the United States. Another popular online newspaper is Cambridge Day.

Radio

Cambridge is home to the following licensed and managed student radio stations:

Television and broadband

Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served this city since its inception in 1988. CCTV operates Cambridge public access television facilities and three television channels, 8, 9, and 96, on the Cambridge cable system (Comcast). The city invites tenders from other cable providers, but Comcast remains the only fixed television and broadband utility, although the services of American satellite TV providers are available. In October 2014, Cambridge City Manager Richard Rossi appointed the Broadband Task Force residents to "examine options to increase competition, reduce prices, and increase speed, reliability, and customer service for residents and businesses."

src: www.hiecambridge.com

Infrastructure

Transportation

Road

Some main roads to Cambridge, including Route 2, Route 16 and McGrath Toll Road (Route 28). The Massachusetts Turnpike does not pass through Cambridge, but provides access by way of exit near Allston. Both Route 1 AS and Interstate 93 also provide additional access at the east end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in Boston. Route 2A runs through the city, especially along Massachusetts Avenue. The Charles River forms the southern border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to Boston, including the Longfellow Bridge and the Harvard Bridge, eight of which are open to motor vehicle traffic.

Cambridge has an irregular network of roads because of the many roads that date back to colonial times. Contrary to popular belief, the road system has not evolved from a long-established cattle path. Roads connect the various village settlements with each other and nearby towns, and are shaped by geographical features, especially rivers, hills, and swampy areas. Today, the main "squares" are usually connected by long, mostly straight streets, such as Massachusetts Avenue between Harvard Square and Central Square, or Hampshire Street between Kendall Square and Inman Square.

Transit masses

Cambridge is well served by MBTA, including Porter Square Station on the Regional Commuter Train; Lechmere Station on the Green Line; and the Red Line in Alewife, Porter Square, Harvard Square, Central Square, and Kendall Square/MIT Stations. Alewife Station, the terminal of the Red Line, has a large, multi-storey parking garage (at a rate of $ 7 per day per 2015). The Harvard Bus Tunnel, under Harvard Square, reduces traffic congestion on the surface, and connects to the Red Line underground. The tunnel was originally opened to trams in 1912, and served unlicensed trolleybuses and buses when routes were converted; four lines of the MBTA busbus system continue to use it. The tunnel was partly reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the early 1980s.

In addition to the state-owned transit agency, the city is also served by Charles River Transportation Transportation (CRTMA) which is supported by some of the largest companies operating in the city, in addition to the municipal government itself.

Bicycling

Cambridge has several bike paths, including one along the Charles River, and Linear Park connects Minuteman Bikeway in Alewife to the Somerville Community Path. Public bicycle parking and there are bicycle paths on many roads, though concerns have been expressed regarding the suitability of many paths. In some of the central MIT roads, bike lanes are transferred to the sidewalk. Cambridge prohibits cycling in certain parts of the sidewalk where heavy pedestrian traffic.

While Bicycling Magazine in 2006 rated Boston as one of the country's worst cities for cycling, it has given Cambridge an honorable award as one of the best and was named by Boston's Great Hope magazine. Boston has since followed the example of Cambridge, and made much effort to improve the safety and comfort of cycling.

Cambridge has an official bike committee. The LivableStreets Alliance, headquartered in Cambridge, is an advocacy group for cyclists, pedestrians, and environments.

Walking

Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge. In 2000, from US cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, Cambridge had the highest percentage of commuters running for work. Cambridge's main historic squares have turned into a modern walking environment, including traffic calming features based on pedestrian needs rather than riders.

Intercity

Boston's intercity buses and railway stations in South Station, Boston, and Logan International Airport in East Boston, are accessible by subway. The Fitchburg Line train service from Porter Square is connected to several western suburbs. Since October 2010, there is also an intercity bus service between Alewife Station (Cambridge) and New York City.

Police Department

In addition to the Cambridge Police Department, the city is patrolled by the Fifth Barrack (Brighton) Troops H State Police of Massachusetts. Because, however, for a short distance, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth Barracks (Boston) Troops H, as well. The Harvard and MIT campuses are patrolled by the Harvard University Police Department and the MIT Police Department, respectively.

Fire Department

The city of Cambridge is protected by the Cambridge Fire Department. Founded in 1832, CFDs operate eight machine companies, four ladder companies, one rescue company, and two paramedical forces companies from eight fire stations located across the city. The chairman is Gerald R. Reardon.

Department of water

Cambridge is unusual among the cities on Route 128 that have non-MWRA water supply. City water is obtained from Hobbs Brook (in Lincoln and Waltham) and Stony Brook (Waltham and Weston). The city has more than 1,200 hectares (486 acres) of land in other towns that include reservoirs and parts of their watersheds. The water from this reservoir flows by gravity through aqueduct to Fresh Pond in Cambridge. It was then treated at a nearby plant and pumped up to a height of 176 feet (54 m) above sea level at Payson Park Reservoir (Belmont); From there, water is redistributed through gravity to individual users in the city. The new water treatment plant was opened in 2001. The city uses MWRA water during the demolition of the old factory and the construction of a new plant. In October 2016, the City of Cambridge announced that, due to drought conditions, they would start buying water from MWRA. On 3 January 2017, Cambridge announced that "As a result of continuous rain every month since October 2016, we have been able to significantly reduce the need to use MWRA water." We have not purchased MWRA water since December 12, 2016 and if the 'average' bulk this continuous rain can continue for several months. "

Public library services

Further educational services are provided at Cambridge Public Library. The large modern large building was built in 2009, and connected to the restored 1888 Richardson building. Founded as Cambridge Athenaeum privately in 1849 and acquired by the city in 1858, and became the Dana Library. The building of 1888 is a donation of Frederick H. Rindge.

src: royalstockphoto.com

Twin towns - twin cities

Cambridge has six official twin cities with an active relationship:

• Coimbra, Portugal (est. June 1982)
• Gaeta, Latina, Lazio, Italy (est December 1982)
• Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan (Oct., 1983)
• San José © Las Flores, Chalatenango, El Salvador (est. March 1987)
• Yerevan, Armenia (est. April 1987)
• Galway, County Galway, Connacht, Ireland (est.th March 1997)

Since the 2010 Haiti quake, Cambridge has been in the process of developing relationships with Les Cayes, Haiti, but the damage that followed later and by Hurricane Matthew in 2015 has delayed the process.

Source of the article : Wikipedia