The effect of Hurricane Andrew in Florida is evident at the time of the most expensive disaster in the country's history, as well as the most expensive on record in the United States. Hurricane Andrew formed from the tropical waves on August 16, 1992 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moves west-northwest and remains weak for several days due to strong wind shear. However, after curving westward on August 22, the storm quickly intensified to reach a peak of 175 mph (280 km/h). After his journey past The Bahamas, Andrew made a landfall near Homestead, Florida as Category 5 hurricane on the 24th of August. Finally, Andrew attacked southern Louisiana before it disappeared in the eastern United States on 28 August.
Strong winds from typhoons significantly affect four counties in the state, which destroy or destroy more than 730,000 homes and buildings, while leaving more than 1 million without electricity. Storm surges affect parts of Miami-Dade County, peaking at about 16.9 feet (5.2 m) north of Homestead near Burger King International Headquarters; The spike caused significant damage to the ship and to Charles Deering Estate. The national maximum rainfall total from the cyclone is 13.98 inches (355 mm) in the western part of Miami-Dade County. No major floods were reported in the state. The storm caused approximately $ 25.3 billion (1992 USD) in damages and 44 deaths in the state - 15 directly from the effects of hurricanes and 29 indirectly related. Many other sources, however, estimate that Andrew caused more than $ 32 billion in damages in the state. Andrew, at the time, was the most expensive storm in US history; it was surpassed after 25 years by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Hurricane Ike in 2008, Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and Hurricane Harvey, Irma, and Maria in 2017.
Video Effects of Hurricane Andrew in Florida
Preparation
Initially, forecasters predicted ups and downs of up to 14 feet (4.3 m) above normal along the East Coast of Florida, near the potential location of the landing. However, the National Hurricane Center later noted that a storm surge of up to 10 feet (3.0 m) would occur along the 13-mile (4,0 m) Gulf Coast of Florida, at Biscayne Bay, and a 11-foot (3.4 m) West Coast Florida. Rainfall is estimated between 5 and 8 inches (130 and 200 mm) along the path of the storm. In addition, the National Hurricane Center notes the possibility of isolated tornadoes in Central and South Florida during Andrew's journey on August 23 and August 24.
On August 22, a storm watch was issued to the East Coast of Florida from Titusville to the Florida Keys, which included Dry Tortugas. The next day, a cyclone alert was sent from Vero Beach to the south to the Florida Keys and included Dry Tortugas. To the north, Florida's eastern coast from Vero Beach to Titusville is placed under a tropical storm warning on 23 August. Simultaneously, storm watches were issued to the west coast of Florida from Bayport to the south to the nearby Flamingo. Later that day, the portion to the southern part of Venice was upgraded to a storm warning and expanded to include Lake Okeechobee. However, north of Venice, the storm watch is lowered to a tropical storm warning. At 1800 UTC on August 24, all hours and warnings issued to anticipate the storm were stopped.
Governor Lawton Chiles declared a state of emergency and ordered the activation of about a third of the Florida National Guard. In addition, he asked the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to provide medical, food and water services. Evacuations were ordered in nine districts: Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Lee, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota County. Nearly 1.2 million people were evacuated, contributing to the low number of deaths, despite the intensity of the storm.
An estimated 20,000-30,000 tourists are in the Florida Keys before Andrew approaches. About 55,000 people fled the Florida Keys to the mainland; almost all evacuations occur in Upper and Middle Keys. Of those living during the storm, at least 722 people went to the shelter. On August 23, officials at Collier County issued mandatory evacuations, which included Chokoloskee towns, Everglades City, Goodland, Capri Islands, Marco Island, Plantation Island, as well as parts of East Naples, Port Royal, and Vanderbilt Beach. Overall, 3,450 people living in shelters opened in the area, while an estimated 43,000 people were evacuated. In Lee County, officials recommended an evacuation to the area on Aug. 23, about 20 hours before a tropical storm breeze was reported there; about 75,000 people fled their homes in Lee County.
A total of 515,670 people were ordered to evacuate from Miami-Dade County. Approximately 93,000 people went to the shelter. Due to the sharp decline in atmospheric pressure awaited, 225 pregnant women in their third trimester live in the auditorium of the Baptist Hospital of Miami.
In Palm Beach County, about 1,427 people sleep in the Red Cross shelter. In the county jail, prisoners were duplicated to accommodate the families of the sheriff's deputies. At the Palm Beach Zoo (later known as the Dreher Zoo) and Lion Country Safari, the animals were moved to a weatherproof shelter. Evacuation is mandatory for coastal cities, lowlands, and home car parks. More than 200,000 people in Palm Beach County leave their homes for shelter. Of the 2,500 people who fled from Manatee County, about 400 of them took refuge at rest stops along Interstate 75.
At Interstate 95 and Florida's Turnpike, bumper-to-bumper traffic is reported over 200 miles (320 km) and is considered the largest traffic jam in Florida's history. Many tourists and refugees actually occupy hotels and motels as far north as Ocala. At Walt Disney World, the reservation clerk noted that all 15,739 hotel rooms on the property were booked. Coast Guard ships of the United States along the coast successfully secured on land or sent to ride a storm at sea.
Maps Effects of Hurricane Andrew in Florida
Impact
Some officials in Florida consider Andrew the worst storm in the state since the 1935 Labor Day storm. Almost all the damage in Florida is caused by strong winds. Although the effects of Andrew are disastrous, the extent of damage is limited mainly from Kendall south to Key Largo due to the small wind field of the storm. After the storm, more than 1.4 million lost electricity and another 150,000 without phone service. It is estimated that throughout Florida about 63,000 homes were destroyed, leaving at least 175,000 people homeless.
In addition to homes, the storm damages or destroys 82,000 businesses, 32,900 hectares of farmland, 31 public schools, 59 health facilities/hospitals, 9,500 traffic signals, 3,300 miles (5,300 km) of powerline, and 3,000 airmains. Overall, Andrew caused $ 25.3 billion (1992 USD) in damages and 44 deaths in the state of Florida alone. However, other estimates report that Andrew created $ 32 billion in overall damage. Of the 44 deaths, 15 were direct deaths, while 29 were indirectly caused by the storm. He later noted that the storm had been slightly larger or made landfall several miles further north, it would significantly affect Miami and Fort Lauderdale, which would lead to higher damage and death tolls.
Miami-Dade Region
At the coastline, the tide is generally mild and typically ranges from 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to 1.8 m) in Biscayne Bay. However, at Burger King International Headquarters, a storm surge of 16.9 feet (5.2 m) was observed. The building suffered more than $ 24 million in damages and forced the company to leave the company's office during one of its more significant product promotions. Nearby at Charles Deering Estate, a 16Ã, ft (4.9 m) wave destroys the property. The natural area was destroyed, while only the inland part of the farthest from Richmond Cottage remained standing. Damage to fix the cost of housing about $ 7.2 million. A large boat was strewn on the shore just south of Deering Bay, where the water level was 14 feet (4.3 m) above normal. Many ships in south-east Florida are damaged by high tides generated by storms, especially, Belzona Barge damaged, which is a barge of 350 tons (66 m), 350 tons. In the Boca Chita Key Historic District, a bridge and a stone wall is destroyed. In addition, strong oceans also destroy coral reef systems widely offshore southeast Florida. It is estimated that the storm caused a loss of at least $ 500 million on the boat. At Homestead Air Reserve Base (then known as Homestead Air Force Base), a barometer pressure of 922 mbar (27.2 inHg) was measured, making Andrew the strongest storm to invade Florida since the 1935 Labor Day storm and the strongest tropical cyclone. to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Camille in 1969. Across the state, the amount of rainfall ranged from mild to moderate, with rainfall from the peak of the storm at 13.98 inches (355 mm) in the Everglades section of Miami-Dade County.
Extreme winds are reported in Miami-Dade County; in some locations, the anemometer is destroyed or failed before the highest wind occurs. A house in Perrine reported winds of 212 mph (341 km/h). However, after wind tunnel testing at Clemson University of the same type of anemometer revealed a 16.5% error, the wind speed figure was revised downwards to 177 mph (285 km/h). At Kendall-Tamiami Executive Airport, a 127mph continuous wind (204 km/h) is reported for three to five minutes, although the needle fails before the condition worsens further. Continuous winds of 115 mph (180 km/h) and gusts up to 164 mph (269 km/h) were reported at National Hurricane Center headquarters in Coral Gables. Soon the WSR-57 anemometer and radar at the National Hurricane Center were blown off the roof and crushed. Offshore, C-MAN station at Fowey Rocks reported a continuous breeze of 142 mph (229 km/h) and gusts to 169 mph (272 km/h). However, the instrument there failed shortly after 4 am. EDT (0800 UTC) on August 24th. Because Andrew's wind field is small, the northern storm winds only reach Miami Beach.
Although storm surges are causing severe damage, much of the impact in the Miami-Dade Territory is caused by very strong winds. At Homestead, one of the hardest hit communities, it is estimated that more than 99.2% of the homes were completely destroyed, with only 9 of the remaining 1,176 mobile homes standing. At Homestead Air Reserve Base, most of the 2,000 buildings at the base were "severely damaged or unusable"; only nine buildings in that location survived the storm. Soon, 70 aircraft were flown to other Air Force bases in the Southeastern United States. The former town hall, built in 1917, suffered extensive damage, especially to the roof. Four of the five condominiums in Naranja Lake were damaged and repaired, while the fifth was repaired. Nearby, the small town of Florida City is also suffering greatly. More than 120 houses were demolished, while another 700 houses were damaged. The town hall was broken beyond repair, with a torn roof and some collapsed walls. In Country Walk and Saga Bay, F3-tornado damage is observed, mainly as a result of poor construction; winds between 130 and 150 mph (215 and 240 km/h) were reported.
At the Miami Zoo (then known as Miami MetroZoo), the wind toppled over 5,000 trees and destroyed the Wings of Asia aviary - built only to withstand a sustained wind of 120 mph (190 km/h) - causing the loss of about a third of the 300 population bird. Although the majority of animals in the zoo remain outdoors during and after the storm, only five animals perish, either by debris or the consumption of contaminated water. Nearby, the damage at the University of Miami Primate Center and the Mannheimer Foundation allows about 1,800 monkeys and baboons to escape. Rumors began that the monkeys were injected with the AIDS virus for experimental purposes, causing at least 30 monkeys to be shot dead by residents, police officers and members of the National Guard. On August 30, nearly 700 monkeys were returned to the Mannheimer Foundation and 15 others who escaped from the University of Miami Primate Center were recaptured.
Because directly on Andrew's lane, significant damage occurred at Turkey's Nuclear Power Station. The water tank and chimney from one of the fossil-fueled units at the site were damaged. However, detention buildings in the factory are not affected. Southland Mall, later known as Cutler Ridge Mall, suffered severe water and wind damage during Andrew. At Key Biscayne, a number of large trees fell, blocking the main bridge connecting the island with Virginia Key and Miami. Fallen trees and collapsed electricity poles destroyed several smaller houses, although the majority only had a missing roof. Condominiums and hotels on the island suffered extensive wind and water damage, especially on higher floors. Further north in Miami Beach, no major damage was reported. However, a hotel was submerged with 2 to 3 feet (0.61-0.91 m) of water in its lobby. At Miami International Airport, the West Florida Boeing jet is pushed through a fence by high winds. Nearby, Hampton Inn Hotel lost its roof. Despite flooding on the streets, broken windows, and fallen trees, skyscrapers in downtown Miami suffered minimal damage due to harsher building codes. Throughout the Miami-Dade Territory, police counted more than 50 roads blocked by uprooted trees and power lines. Across the country, Andrew caused the destruction of 25,524 houses and damaged 101,241 others. The Grand County Jewels of Miami-Dade County reported that 90% of the car houses in the southern part of the county were destroyed. Damage estimated at $ 25 billion and 40 deaths reported. Of the 32 confirmed deaths on September 1, 14 fatal accidents, 9 were blunt or penetrating trauma, 4 from asphyxia, and one by drowning.
Broward and Palm Beach Counties
The strong wind from Andrew spread north to Broward County. In Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport, winds reach 61 mph (98 km/h), while Goodyear Blimp Base in Pompano Beach reports a blast of at least 90 mph (150 km/h). In the countryside of Broward County, a weather station reports a continuous wind of 53 mph (85 km/h). Rainfall is relatively heavy locally, with two weather stations recording 7.79 in (198 mm) and 5.14 in (131 mm) rainfall. Impacts on Cooper City, Coral Springs, Davie, Hillsboro Beach, Hollywood, Lauderdale Lakes, Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Lauderhill, Lazy Lake, Lighthouse Point, Margate, Plantation, and Pompano Beach, mainly limited to trees, which falls into the road and the power grid. At Coconut Creek, the city hall walkway became double, while two mobile homes were destroyed and one family home suffered damage from falling trees. About 500 trees were cleared in Deerfield Beach. Some roofs have structural effects during storms. Along the coast, the waves damaged the incomplete fishing dock. The damage in Deerfield Beach reaches about $ 1 million.
At Miramar, several trees fell into the car house, damaging their roofs, tents, and walls. Damage to buildings, houses, parks, signs, traffic lights, trees, and parks in Oakland Park amounts to about $ 1 million. In addition, the city garage is partly deroofed, while other city buildings have roof leaks. In Pembroke Park, about 260 cars were damaged. A clubhouse and a deroofed amphitheater at Sunrise, while a number of trees are cut down. Damage in the city reached about $ 100,000. At North Perry Airport, winds blew two small planes into each other, while the helicopter flew into the private company's aircraft operations center. The storm left coastal floods on Hallandale Beach along State Road 858 (Hallandale Beach Boulevard) just east of Route 1, and along State Road A1A in Fort Lauderdale. Overall, Andrew caused at least $ 100 million in damages and three casualties occurred in Broward County.
Waves along the coastline result in small beach erosion in Palm Beach County. At the farthest level, tropical storm winds are reported as far north as Palm Beach International Airport, where a sustained wind speed of 49 mph (79 km/h) is reported. In rural areas in the central part of the county, the wind is very light and does not exceed 20 mph (32 km/h). In addition, the anemometer at Atlantis recorded a continuous wind of 25 mph (35 km/h). Rainfall in Palm Beach County is light, reaching 5.12 inches (130 mm) near the Palm Beach/Broward County line. No significant damage or casualties were reported in the area.
Monroe County
In the Florida Keys, light rain occurs, especially in the Bottom Lock, where 2.02 inches (51 mm) is reported on the Cudjoe Key. No significant floods occurred, although some areas experienced local flooding. Firm winds in the Florida Keys are limited to Upper Keys, especially on Key Largo, where a sustained 13-minute wind speed of 114 mph (183 km/h) is recorded. No other reports of storms or tropical storms existed in the Florida Keys, although Key West International Airport and the Monroe County Emergency Operations Center reported tropical storm winds of 46 mph (74 km/h) and 45 mph (75 km)/h), respectively. Other locations in the Florida Keys report a much lower wind speed. In Key Largo, about 1,500 homes were damaged, with at least 300 homes becoming uninhabitable. The storm also damaged billboards, awnings, and commercial signs. Several boats, planes, and trees were affected by Andrew on the north side of Key Largo. At the Sound Card Bridge, which connects Key Largo to the Florida mainland, the toll gate is completely destroyed. On three days after the storm, electricity was restored to the south area of ​​Seven Mile Bridge. In addition, an indirect death occurred in Monroe County when a firefighter in the Upper Keys was wounded, and died on August 30. Overall, it is estimated that buildings and homes suffered a loss of $ 120 million (1992 USD), while $ 11 million (1992). USD) damage occurs in the fishery and marine industry.
Since the land area is rarely Monroe County's population, there is no observation of wind speeds occurring. In the northern part of Monroe County, mild rainfall was reported, as only a few areas experienced more than 3 inches (76 mm) of rainfall. It is unknown if there is any property damage occurring in the Monroe County area. Andrew caused significant damage to vegetation in the Everglades National Park. In the Everglades National Park and Biscayne National Park, more than 25% or 70,000 acres (280Ã, km 2 ) trees are felled or severely damaged. A quarter of a palm tree and a third of pine trees in Everglades National Park are damaged or destroyed. In addition, waves up to 5 feet (1.5 m) are reported in the Flamingo, which is near Tanjung Sable.
Elsewhere
In Collier County, to the north of the storm path, a continuous wind up to 98 mph (158 km/h) was observed at Chokoloskee. A storm surge of about 6Ã, ft (1.8 m) was recorded at Goodland. Storm surge flooded lowland areas, especially in Goodland, Everglades City, and Marco Island, with streets in downtown Everglades City flooded with over 18 in (460 mm) of water. Many boats, especially on Marco Island, are damaged or destroyed by fierce seas and high winds. A sailboat ripped the pier at the marina of Marco Island, while most of the docks in the other marinas on the island were lost. In addition, winds in Chokoloskee and Everglades City reversed vehicles and completely destroyed several mobile homes, spreading debris on the streets. In the former, 31 avocado trees are removed in private residences. The shortage of electricity in smallpox outside in Naples East triggered a fire, which burned an uninhabited residence. At least 12 mobile homes in the community suffered damage, including one losing its roof. Throughout Lee County, Andrew destroyed 80 mobile homes and damaged more than 400 others. Property damage in the county reaches about $ 30 million.
Outside the area of ​​Collier, Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach, total rainfall remains below 5 in (130 mm), although more than 5 in (130 mm) rainfall falls on a fraction of the southern lake Okeechobee. The wind in Lee County, leaving sporadic power outages, uprooted trees, and damaged the roofs of some houses, although the overall losses were small. In addition, strong winds resulted in the closure of Tanjung Karang Bridge. Along the coast, the storm generates a tidal wave of 2Ã, ft (0.61 m) in Fort Myers Beach. Wind reaches 72 mph (116 km/h) in Captiva. A high tide height is observed as far north as Homosassa in Citrus County, which reports a storm surge of at least 1Ã, ft (0.30 m) in height. At Miccosukee Indian Reservation, Miccosukee's shack and trailer was badly damaged. A young girl in the reservation was lost and not found until nine days later. At Glades County, the emergency operations center recorded a 51 mph (82 km/h) wind blow. Twelve funnel clouds are reported in Highlands County, though they remain unconfirmed. The effects of hurricanes in Central Florida are limited to light rainfall and wind in some districts. Brevard County reported wind speeds increased, although the winds were no more than 25 mph (40 km/h) at any of the locations. Precipitation at least 1 deep (25 mm) occurs as far north of Alachua County.
Aftermath
Help effort
Shortly after the condition of Hurricane Andrew subsided, President George W. W. Bush at that time assessed the damage in the Miami area with Florida Governor Lawton Chiles. Bush quickly declared the area a disaster area, providing public assistance to storm victims in Broward, Collier, Miami-Dade, and Monroe County. In addition, Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay flies over the impact area, and notes that "it looks like a war zone". On September 11, 1992, then Governor Lawton Chiles considered asking the Florida State Legislature to raise taxes, citing "No matter how much Congress is worth to repair the damage from Hurricane Andrew, the country will face a substantial net bill".
Governor Chiles, Lieutenant Governor MacKay, and staff Doug Cook and Tom Herndon lobby Congress for help. The governor presented a satellite image before and after from southern Miami-Dade County to members of Congress. He spoke to the Democratic Senate of the Caucus and personally met with House Speaker Tom Foley, House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt, Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell, as well as some Republican leaders, a minority party at the time.. After appealing to the Senate Committee on the Chief of Allocation of Robert Byrd, Congress began to consider the aid bill. President Bush proposed a $ 7.1 billion disaster relief package to provide disaster benefits, small business loans, harvest losses, food stamps and public housing for victims of Hurricane Andrew. However, the US House of Representatives is considering allocating $ 8.8 billion in disaster bills. After the United States House of Representatives provided assistance to victims of Hurricane Iniki in Hawaii and Typhoon Omar in Guam, the fee then increased to $ 11.1 billion. The bill, which was the most expensive disaster relief package at the time, was adopted by Congress as Resolution 5620 of the House on September 18, and was signed into law by President Bush on September 23.
Two days after Hurricane Andrew, state officials set up a temporary relief center at South Florida Fairgrounds near West Palm Beach. In operation, more than 20,000 volunteers moved about 4,500 tons of supplies to more than 1,200 trucks to be distributed to the victims of the storm. On September 27, the aid distribution center at the South Florida Fairgrounds closed. In addition, Boy Scouts of America also helped post Hurricane Andrew. In Glennville, Georgia, the Boy Scout troop and two Girl Scout packages fill the 15 foot truck with food after door-to-door collect. Similarly, another Cub Scout package in North Palm Beach, Florida packs a truck full of emergency supplies. In the first few months after the storm, 2,200 traffic lights were repaired, 150,000 road signs were replaced, and more than 40,000 trees were planted. In October 1993, about 20 million cubic debris had been disposed of, while nearly 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of roads had been cleared.
Although the recovery efforts were extensive, they were slow at first, especially the help of government branches. Although President Bush promised assistance during his visit, a clear miscommunication between state and local governments and the White House caused little assistance from the federal government in the first few days. Unbeknownst to Governor Chiles, he was asked to write his request for help from Army units to send food and tents in bulk. Later, President Bush claimed he could not respond to the request because the letter addressed to Army Secretary Michael P. W. Stone was inadvertently addressed to the commander of the US Armed Forces Technical Corps instead. Chiles Chuck's assistant Chuck Wolfe describes Chiles's frustration. Wolfe personally speaks on the phone to the White House. He said that it was a "horseshoe" claimed by the federal government that there was no communication. Lieutenant Governor MacKay recalled that Chiles and President Bush were involved in a shouting match after Air Force One landed at Miami International Airport. The slow response from federal aid to storm victims in south Florida led by Dade County Emergency Management Director Kate Hale for the famous shouted at a nationally televised press conference, "Where in hell is this one cavalry? They keep saying we're going to God's sake, where are they? "Almost immediately, President George HW Bush promised," Help is on the way, "and moving kitchens and tents, along with units from the 82nd Airborne Division and 10th Mountain Division, Fort Drum, New York started coming.
Initially, crime rates in Miami-Dade County increased 50% after Andrew, largely due to looting. There have been many reports of people stealing merchandise from broken or destroyed stores and in severely damaged neighborhoods. As a result, arms sales soared and citizens put up warning signs like: "You looted, we shot, you tried, you died". On CNN, footage of the looters stole merchandise loads in shopping malls. At Kendall, the owner of a pizzeria stands outside with a sawed gun. However, looting quickly stopped after the United States Army arrived. Although looting arrests were almost non-existent in early September, a police sergeant noted that at least 15 looting incidents in private homes were reported per night. Once deployed to Miami-Dade County, military personnel set up five tent cities in Homestead and Florida City, which has a capacity of 3,800 people. On September 4, 1992, only 150 families took refugees there. However, only a few days later, tent cities were suddenly filled, after officials closed the school shelters, which reopened for the 1992-1993 school year. As a result, military officials opened another tent city at Indian Miccosukee Reservation. Instead of staying in Miami-Dade County, more than 100,000 people moved north; this significantly changed the racial demography of the region. In the decade after the storm, Hurricane Andrew may have contributed to a massive and sudden housing boom in Broward County. Located north of Miami-Dade County, residents who lost their homes migrated to the western part of the newly developed county. The result is a record growth in places like Miramar, Pembroke Pines, and Weston.
Rebuild and revise the building code
Although the proposal to rebuild Homestead Air Force Base was initially rejected, the US Department of Defense finally issued an initial amount of over $ 100 million for repairs. Non-refundable buildings are destroyed. Reconstruction then begins at the Florida Water Tower national tower, air traffic control tower, and maintenance hangars. Furthermore, the rebuilding of communications, medical facilities, security, vehicle maintenance, and headquarters building began. On March 5, 1994, the base reopened as Homestead Air Reserve Base. Base is very important for Homestead. Before Andrew, the base employed some 6,500 military personnel and 1,000 civilians and annually added about $ 450 million to the local economy. Upon reopening, Major Bobby D'Angelo expects the base for each year to account for less than half - between $ 180 million and $ 200 million. When the house is being rebuilt, FEMA provides mobile homes while it is free for 3,501 families and financial aid to more than 40,000 other families to stay in hotel rooms, pay rent, and repair homes. Nearly two years after Andrew, about 70% of homes in Homestead were damaged or destroyed repaired or rebuilt. In addition, houses were destroyed or severely damaged throughout Miami-Dade County, 36,000 had been restored in July 1994.
More than 930,000 policyholders in South Florida lost coverage after 11 insurers went bankrupt, caused by over 600,000 insurance claims filed. This led to the Florida Legislature to create new entities, such as the Joint Underwriting Association, the Florida Typhoon Association, and the Florida Cyclone Fund, in an effort to restore adequate insurance capacity. Tighter building codes were created in Florida after Hurricane Andrew. A survey by Tim Marshall and Richard Herzog of the Haag Engineer Company in Carrollton, Texas, highlights some construction issues. On the roofs of some houses, concrete tiles are glued to the felt paper, which can be easily torn by a straight line wind. In homes with shaky roofs, it was found that some shingles staples perpendicular to the long axis, also allowing them to tear. After the tiles or shingles are peeling off, the plywood and rods are made to be exposed to the weather. Finally, plywood and pole had structural failures, which caused the roof to collapse.
In July 1996, Governor Chiles established the Florida Building Code Research Commission, with the objective of assessing building codes at the time, and implementing system improvements and reforms. Commission studies show that building codes and regulations are developed, altered and managed by over 400 local jurisdictions and state institutions. The Florida Building Code was established in 1998 and enacted in 2002. It abolished local laws and regulations and replaced them with universal state-building codes. After typhoons Charley, Frances, Ivan and Jeanne in 2004, a study conducted by the University of Florida the following year noted that "Houses built under the new Florida Building Code that became effective in 2002 suffered less damage than an average built between 1994 and 2001. "A report by the Florida Legislature in 2006 after Hurricanes Dennis, Katrina and Wilma in 2005 reached similar conclusions, indicating that" they add further evidence that the Florida Building Code is at work. "
Political impact
The storm struck Florida in the midst of the 1992 presidential election campaign. A CBS News poll in September showed that 65% of Miami-Dade County residents approved Bush's handling of the disaster, while 61% of the population in the state was approved. Despite support from Bush's response and his proposal to rebuild the Homestead Air Force Base, he gained little political advantage and lagged 48% -42% against Bill Clinton in another poll taken in September. In addition, 75% of voters in Miami-Dade County and 82% of Floridia as a whole stated that presidential action in response to Andrew would not affect their vote in November. Bush went on to bring the state of Florida, but with a margin of only 1.89%. The storm also affected Governor Chiles politically. The country's response to the storm was seen as poor, drowning Chiles's approval rating to 22%, while its rejection rating rose to 76%. However, Chiles was able to recover before the 1994 gubernatorial election.
The state of Florida held its first election for the 1992 election on September 1. However, Miami-Dade County was granted permission by the Florida Supreme Court to postpone the election until September 8. Originally, a Miami-Dade County circuit judge ruled that proceeds for all Florida territory must remain sealed until the Miami-Dade County vote counts. However, the state Supreme Court rejected this decision, allowing votes from 65 other countries to be counted on September 1. At the time, it was estimated that Miami-Dade County accounts for about 10% of the total registered Florida voters.. Although the results of some elections are largely unchanged by additional votes from Miami-Dade County, some of them, especially the main Democratic Party for Florida's 23rd congress district. Before the Miami-Dade County results were counted, State Representative Lois Frankel received 12,335 votes, former judge at the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida Alcee Hastings received 9,468 votes, State Representative Bill Clark received 9,424 votes, court lawyer Kenneth D. Cooper received 1,857 voice, and Bill Washington received 1,692 votes. After an additional vote, Frankel got 221 votes, Hastings earned 769 votes, Clark earned 457 votes, Cooper won 15 votes, and Washington won 19 votes. Although the results are unchanged, Hastings can now advance to runoff against Frankel on October 1, subject to no compulsory counting. Hastings went on to beat Frankel in the runoff with a comfortable margin, before winning a landslide against Republicans Ed Fielding and independent Al Woods on 3 November.
Psychological impact
After a storm, extensive psychological effects are reported. Difficulties during cleaning and recovery lead to increased divorce rate and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) surge. PTSD cases primarily affect children. A sampling of 378 adolescents by the University of South Carolina Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics showed that 3% of men and 9% of women met the criteria for PTSD. Dozens of children in the area tried to commit suicide, while counselors reported that between 50 and 60 children discussed suicide between December 1992 and January 1993. Within six months, five people committed suicide in storm-related circumstances.
Effects on professional sports
As Andrew Hurricane approached, the head coach of the Miami Dolphins, Don Shula canceled the 1 hour training, weekly post-game press conferences, and movie review meetings. Plans to trim the list from 70 to 60 players are postponed. However, the Dolphins were able to meet the New Orleans Saints, who were also influenced by Andrew, at the Memorial Stadium in Baltimore for the pre-season game on 27 August. Due to the amount of destruction and terrifying fear if they play at home games just 13 days after Andrew, Miami Dolphins postponed their match against the New England Patriots, which is scheduled for September 7th. The match was instead held on October 18 and both teams moved their weeks into Week 1. The Dolphins thus had their opening season on the road against Cleveland Browns on September 14, while the home opener was held on September 20 against the Los Angeles Rams.
Efforts to rebuild Homestead led by Grand Prix of Miami promoter Ralph Sanchez, which hosts IMSA GT Championships, CART PPG Cup and AMA Superbike races in three different places in Miami - Bayfront Park, Bicentennial and Tamiami Park since 1983 - to build The permanent circuit he imagined near the devastated area of ​​the Homestead, Metro-Dade Homestead Motorsports Complex, which broke down in August 1994, opened in 1995. While Sanchez no longer promotes racing, three national NASCAR series, Grand-Am, and AMA Superbike all held a race on a multipurpose circuit.
Due to damage to the Homestead Sports Complex and fear of relocating their middle-class and affluent fans to Broward and Palm Beach County, the Cleveland Indians moved their spring training location to Chain of Lakes Park in Winter Haven.
Demographic changes
The storm also changed the demographics of Miami-Dade County. Migration of most of the White family north to Broward and Palm Beach County is under way, but accelerated after Andrew. Many of these families have used the money they receive from insurance claims for relocation. Population growth is mainly seen in Broward County southwest, where land development is driven "years ahead of schedule". Similar migration takes place within the Jewish community. Although some areas of Miami-Dade County still have significant Jewish populations, many Jews settled back to Coral Springs, west of Fort Lauderdale, Hallandale Beach, Plantation and Tamarac in Broward County and Boca Raton and West Palm Beach in Palm Beach County. The district has a net loss of about 36,000 people in 1992, while Broward and Palm Beach districts each earn about 17,000 and 2,300 residents of Miami-Dade County. In 2001, 230,710 people moved from Miami-Dade County to Broward County, while 29,125 residents of Miami-Dade County moved to Palm Beach County. However, as Broward County became more crowded, 100,871 people moved from Broward County to Palm Beach County. As a result, the Hispanic population in southern Miami-Dade County rose rapidly. At Homestead, for example, the Latin population increased from 30% to 45% between 1990 and 2000.
Out of the environment
During the storm, the Burmese Piton housing facility was destroyed, allowing many of them to flee into the Everglades. Although Burmese pythons - native to Southeast Asia - have been seen in Everglades National Park since the 1980s, the destruction of these facilities contributed significantly to the formation of breeding populations in Florida. Due to the rapid reproduction and ability to prey on many species, Burmese python populations have exploded, with possibly as many as 300,000 in the Everglades alone. Efforts have been made to curb the growing population of these invasive snakes, including the ban on species imports into the United States since January 2012, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission in 2008 stipulating that boa and python owners have permission and mark them. snakes, and Burmese python hunting contests.
See also
- The Effect of Hurricane Andrew in the Bahamas
- Florida Storm List (1975-1999)
References
External links
- Reviews of Monthly Weather
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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