Williamsburg, Virginia, has a long history dating from the 17th century. The city was first named Middle Plantation and renamed Williamsburg in 1699.
Video History of Williamsburg, Virginia
abad ke-17
Before the arrival of British colonizers in Jamestown at Colony of Virginia in 1607, the area that became the largest part of Williamsburg. It is well within the territory of a group of Native Americans known as the Powhatan Confederation. In the early colonial period, navigable rivers were equivalent to modern highways. For the ease of travel, and the security of the conflict with Native Americans, early colonial settlements were built near the river.
By the 1630s, British settlements had grown to dominate the eastern (lower) part of the Virginia Peninsula, and natives had left their nearby villages such as Kiskiack (also spelled "Chiskiack"), shifting to more remote locations, but attacking intermittently. To offer protection to the lower farming and fishing communities of the Peninsula, the colonists built a fortress across the lake to provide security from attacks by indigenous people.
Lying along the median line of the Virginia Peninsula, the location that becomes Williamsburg is some distance from the James River and the York River. The height of the soil gradually decreases as it approaches each shore. Near Williamsburg, College Creek and Queen's Creek are each fed into one of the two rivers. By tethering each end of one of these two tributaries, the area of ​​land was only about 6 miles (9.7 km) at the time, far less than in other locations.
The area that became Williamsburg was completed in 1638 and called Middle Plantation, due to its location on a plateau about halfway across the Peninsula. The cross-peninsula defense palisade completed in 1634 is an integral part of the creation of Middle Plantation, although the exact route is long gone. Remnants have recently been discovered by archaeologists at the Bruton Heights School property adjacent to the home of Governor John Page while working on the Colburg Williamsburg archeology research project.
Jamestown, who had been the original capital of the Virginia Colonies, remained that way until it burned during the 3rd of the Bacon Uprising in 1676. As soon as Governor William Berkeley regained control, the temporary place for the function of governmental standing was set about 12 miles (19 km) across the plains high in Middle Plantation while the Statehouse in Jamestown was rebuilt. House of Burgesses members find the surrounding neighborhood safer and more eco-friendly than Jamestown, which is damp and mosquito-infested.
Higher education schools have long been the aspirations of the colonists. Henricus's early attempts failed after the Indian Massacre of 1622. Locations on the outskirts of the developed section of the colony made him more vulnerable to the attack. In the 1690s, the colonists tried again and sent Reverend James Blair, who spent several years in England lobbying and finally obtained a royal charter for a new desired school, named College of William and Mary to honor kings at the time. When Reverend Blair returned to Virginia, a new school was set up in a safe, Central Plantation in 1693. Class started in temporary place in 1694, and the College Building, the predecessor of the Wren House, was soon built.
Four years later, the rebuilt statehouse in Jamestown was burned again (in 1698), this time by accident. The government once again moved temporarily to Middle Plantation, but now enjoys the use of College facilities in addition to better climate. After the fire, on the advice of College students, who made a presentation to the House of Burgesses, the colonial capital was permanently moved to Middle Plantation in 1699. A village was arranged and Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg in honor of the King. William III of England, in accordance with the status of the newly appointed city.
Maps History of Williamsburg, Virginia
18th century
After appointment as the Capital of the Colony, immediate provision was made for the construction of the Parliament building and to pat a new city according to Theodorick Bland survey.
By the time the main road was revived after Duke of Gloucester, it was a simple horse trajectory that banked through a set of swampy cliffs and was blocked at one point by houses and ovens. On April 27, 1704, Francis Nicholson asked the House of Burgesses to allow the purchase of four old homes on the site so they could be destroyed. On May 5, Henry Cary and his workers demolished the houses, and gave the owner of the property, Colonel John Page, Â £ 5 and let him have bricks from flattened houses. The transaction may be the first documented condemnation in American history.
Alexander Spotswood, who arrived in Virginia as lieutenant governor in 1710, had several gaps filled and streets flattened, and helped set up additional college buildings, a church, and a magazine for weapons storage. In 1722, the city of Williamsburg was given a royal charter as a city, now believed to be the oldest in the United States.
Middle Plantation was included in James City Shire when it was founded in 1634, when the Colony reached a total population of about 5,000. (James City Shire changed its name and became known as James City County). However, the line of the midline ridge is essentially a dividing line with the Charles River Shire, which eventually became the District of York. When Williamsburg was developed, the boundaries were slightly adjusted, and for most of the colonial period, the border between the two districts wet the Duke of Gloucester Street center. During this time, and for nearly 100 years after the establishment of the Commonwealth of Virginia and the United States, although there are some practical complications, some cities are located in each of the two districts.
Williamsburg is the first canal site built in the United States. In 1771, Lord Dunmore, Governor of the Kingdom of Virginia, announced plans to link Archer's Creek, which leads to the James River with Queen's Creek, to the York River. It will be a water bridge across the Virginia Peninsula, but it is not finished yet. Part of the remains of this canal is seen behind the field behind the Governor's Palace in Colonial Williamsburg.
The first psychiatric hospital in the United States was built in the city in the 1770s as, "General Hospital for People of Crazy Mind and Distractions" (known in modern times as Eastern State Hospital), was established by Virginia colonial legislative acts on June 4, 1770. The act, which is meant to, "Make a Provision for the Support and Maintenance of Ideas, Lunatick, and Others of Unhealthy Thoughts," authorizes the House of Burgesses to appoint 15 Court Court of Directors to oversee operations and acceptance hospitals in the future. In 1771, contractor Benjamin Powell built a two-story building on Francis Street near the College that was able to accommodate twenty-four patients. The basic design includes "meters for patients to walk and take on Water" as well as provisions for fences to be built to keep patients out of nearby cities.
Beginning in April 1775, the Gunpowder Incident, a dispute between the Governor of Dunmore and the Virginia colony of gunpowder (stored in Williamsburg Magazine) evolved into an important event on the way to the American Revolution. Dunmore, afraid of another rebellion, ordered the royal marines to snatch the munitions from the magazine. Virginia militia led by Patrick Henry responded to "theft" and marched in Williamsburg. The deadlock ensued, with Dunmore threatening to destroy the city if attacked by militia. Dispute resolved when powder payment arranged.
After the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776. During the War, in 1780, the capital of Virginia was moved again, this time to Richmond at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson, who feared the location of Williamsburg made him vulnerable to British attack. However, during the Revolutionary War many important conventions were held in Williamsburg.
19th century
With capital lost after 1780, Williamsburg also lost the position, but did not reach the Jamestown level 81 years earlier. The 18th and early nineteenth century transportation of the Colonies was largely by navigable canals and rivers. Built intentionally in the "highlands," Williamsburg is not located along major waterways like many early communities in the United States. The beginning of the railroads starting in the 1830s also did not come its way.
It seems that Williamsburg's main business activities are the government and the College, the last and foremost, as well as the General Hospital for Crazy Mind and Distractions. Both the College and the Hospital grew, with the latter known in recent years as the Eastern State Hospital.
American Civil War
At the beginning of the American Civil War (1861-1865), enlistment in the Confederate Army drained the body of College of William and Mary students and on May 10, 1861, the faculty chose to close the College during times of conflict. The College Building was used as a Confederate barracks and then as a hospital, first by the Confederates, and then the Union forces.
The Williamsburg area witnessed the battle in the spring of 1862 during the Peninsula Campaign, an attempt to take Richmond from the east from the base at Fort Monroe. Throughout the late 1861 and early 1862, a small contingent of defenders of the Confederacy was known as the Peninsula Army, and was led by General John B. Magruder. He manages to use deceptive tactics to bully the invaders like the size and strength of his troops, and intimidate them into the slow motion of climbing the Peninsula, gaining precious time defenses to build for the Confederate capital in Richmond.
In early May 1862, after holding Union forces for more than a month, the defenders quit silently from the Warwick Line (stretching across the Peninsula between Yorktown and Mulberry Island). When General George McClellan's troops crawled up the Peninsula to pursue retreating Confederate troops, the rear guard troops led by General James Longstreet and supported by General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry blocked their westward development on the Williamsburg Line. It is a series of 14 redoubts east of the city, with Earthen Fort Magruder (also known as Redoubt # 6) at an important crossroads of two major roads leading to Williamsburg from the east. Design and construction has been supervised by the College of William and President Mary Benjamin S. Ewell, who owns a farm in James City County, and has been assigned as an officer in the Confederate Forces after the College closed in 1861.
At the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862, the defenders succeeded in delaying Union forces long enough for the Confederate's retreat to securely outdoors Richmond. The siege of Richmond resulted, culminating in the Battle of the Seven Days, and the McClellan campaign failed. As a result, the War dragged on for nearly 3 more years at enormous expense for life and finances for both sides before its conclusion in April 1865.
On May 6, 1862, the city fell to Union. The Brafferton College building used to time as quarters for officers of the Union garrison commander who occupied the city. On September 9, 1862, drunk soldiers from the 5th Cavalry of Pennsylvania burned the College Building, purportedly in an attempt to prevent the Confederate shooters from using it for cover. Much of the damage to the community during the occupation of the Union, which lasted until September 1865.
Post Civil War
About 20 years later, in 1881, Collis P. Huntington Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (C & amp; O) were built through the area, eventually setting up six stations in Williamsburg and the surrounding area. Travel and delivery of these assisted passengers to local farmers, but railroads have been built primarily for traffic through coal intended for coal docks and exports in Newport News. Originally the track ran to Duke of Gloucester Street and passed the former land of the Capitol at the east end. They are then moved.
Of course, there are ongoing activities from the College of William and Mary. However, the school session there temporarily halted for financial reasons from 1882 to 1886, when the College became a public school.
Beginning in the 1890s, C & amp; O, Carl M. Bergh, an earlier Norwegian-American farmer in the mid-western countries, realizes that the mild climate of eastern Virginia and the depressed post-Civil land price will appeal to fellow Scandinavians farming in the north of another country. He started sending notices, and selling the land. Soon there was a great concentration of Americans who were relocated from Norway, Sweden, and Danish descent in the area. The location formerly known as Vaiden's Siding on the railway line west of Williamsburg in James City County, renamed Norge. These residents and their descendants found favorable regional conditions as described by Bergh, and many became prominent traders, traders, and peasants in the community. These transplanted Americans brought new blood and spirit to the old colonial capital.
Restoration of the twenty-first century: Colonial Williamsburg
Williamsburg is still a sleepy little town in the early 20th century. Some of the newer structures are interspersed with colonial-era buildings, but the city is less progressive than other busy communities of similar size in Virginia. Some local knowledge indicates that the population is satisfied that way, and the reporter of the Virginia Peninsula, author and historian Parke S. Rouse Jr. has pointed this out in his published work. On June 26, 1912, the Richmond-Times newspaper Dispatch published an editorial dubbed the "Lotusburg" city, for "Tuesday is election day in Williamsburg but nobody remembers." The officer forgot to wake up the electoral board, the electoral council can not generate enough time to make the ballot papers, the candidates forget that they are walking, the voters forget that they are alive. "[1]
However, even if such a complacency is common, the dream of one of the Episcopal priests is expanding to change the future of Williamsburg and give it a new ultimate goal, turning most into the world's largest living museum. At the beginning of the 20th century, one of the greatest historic restoration ever undertaken anywhere in the world was championed by Rev. W.A.R. Goodwin of Bruton Williamsburg Parish Church. Initially, Dr. Goodwin wanted to save his historic church building, and this he achieved in 1907, right on the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Episcopal Church in Virginia. However, after returning to Williamsburg in 1923 after serving several years in northern New York, he began to realize that many other colonial-era buildings also existed, but in deteriorating conditions, and their longevity was threatened.
Goodwin dreams of a much larger restoration along the lines of what he has accomplished with his historic church. A scholar in a simple way, he sought the support and financing of a number of sources before succeeding in attracting major financial interests and support from Standard Oil's heir and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. The result of their combined effort was the creation of Colonial Williamsburg, which included restoring most of the downtown area of ​​Williamsburg with the creation of the 301-acre Historic Area (1.22 km 2 ) to celebrate the early American patriots and history.
In the 21st century, Colonial Williamsburg continues to update and refine its attractiveness, with more features designed to attract modern children and offer better interpretation and addition of African-American experience in the colonial city. Just a little bit after Dr. Goodwin begins, the effort to maintain and improve the corners of Virginia and the US history is still an extraordinary job.
In addition to Colonial Williamsburg Historic Area, the city's railway station is restored to an intermodal passenger facility (see Transport section below). What's Near James City County, ca. 1908 C & amp; O The combined passenger vehicles and freight stations in Norge are preserved and after donations by CSX Transportation, moved in 2006 to the property at the Croaker Branch in the Williamsburg Regional Library.
The third of three debates between President of the Republic Gerald Ford and Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter were held at the Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall at the College of William and Mary on October 22, 1976. Perhaps to honor the historic place of debate, also for the US Bicentennial Celebration, the two candidates spoke about the "new spirit" in America.
The 9th G7 Summit was held in Williamsburg in 1983. The meeting participants discussed the growing debt crisis, weapons control and greater cooperation between the Soviet Union and the G7 (now G8). At the end of the meeting, US Secretary of State George P. Shultz read to the press a statement confirming the propagation of the American Pershing II-nuclear rocket in West Germany in 1983.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments