Lincoln Hospital (1901-1976) is a medical facility located in Durham, North Carolina established to serve African-Americans in Durham County and beyond. With the construction of the original hospital financed by the Duke family, Lincoln served as a major African American hospital in Durham until 1976, when it was shut down and transferred inpatient services to Durham County General Hospital.
Despite the cultural setting within Jim Crow South, Lincoln Hospital was developed and evolved due to its complex inter-and intraracial network of cooperation. Lincoln medical staff sought to reduce the morbidity and mortality of Durham's black by targeting maternal and child health, infectious diseases, and health behaviors through health education programs, special clinics, and free medical care. Lincoln expands educational opportunities for blacks through their nursing, residency, and surgical programs during a time where several opportunities appear for blacks in health care.
Video Lincoln Hospital (Durham, NC)
History
Origins
African Americans suffered serious health losses in Durham in the 20th century, North Carolina. Modern analyzes have shown that inadequate housing, inadequate heat, poor ventilation, inadequate dieting, and overwork contribute to various medical problems, including malnutrition and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid, pneumonia, diphtheria, measles, and influenza. The rapid industrialization of the tobacco and textile industries increases the spread of disease caused by particles and causes pressure on existing infrastructure. Excluding the stillbirth, the death rate among African Americans in 1910 was 26.0/1000 compared with 16.6/1000 for whites. The widespread belief that blacks are physically and mentally inferior to whites causes white apathy to differences in white and black morbidity and mortality. The separation of the black and white communities of Durham allows health disparities to flourish.
While this separation broadens the socio-economic and health gap between black and white communities, it also facilitates the development of a strong black business community and black elites with the power to overcome this gap. The emergence of "Black Wall Street" (Parrish Street, Durham) and black business at the turn of the century, such as Asuransi Mutual Life NC, bring success and credibility to select members of the black community of Durham. The leaders of this organization show social resilience in maintaining good relationships between blacks and whites through this economic relationship. Recognizing the difference in Durham's health, the black leaders gathered support for a black hospital of white philanthropists.
On the grounds that black hospitals will ultimately benefit the whites and retain segregation, Aaron McDuffie Moore, Stanford Lee Warren and John Merrick persuade the Duke family to fund Lincoln Hospital in lieu of building a monument on the Trinity College campus (today Duke University) to commemorate the slaves who had fought in the Confederate Army. Aaron McDuffie Moore (the first black doctor of Durham) reminded the Dukes that blacks work with white people in small intimate spaces, and that high rates of illness in blacks will affect white health. Ben and James Duke made a genuine donation of $ 8,550 for the construction of a hospital in Hatyi, a black neighborhood in Durham. Reading ground:
With the appreciation and loving memory of the loyalty and devotion of Negro slaves to Confederate Mothers and Daughters during the Civil War, this institution was founded by one of the Fathers and the Son: B.N. Duke, J.B. Duke, W. Duke. Not a single act of unfaithfulness is recorded against them.
The Duke family remains the protector of the hospital until closing.
Financial and material support
The Lincoln hospital blacks claimed the hospital was "a glaring example of what can be achieved in communities where both races work together." However, initially, white people generally keep their distance by limiting their involvement in financial contributions. Finally, this relationship evolved to include white people in running hospitals. For example, Dr. Max Schiebel, who worked at the hospital in 1944, joined the surgical department long before the official integration of medical staff in 1925. (see surgery )
The hospital works with support from private agencies, black and white individuals, and the Durham County government and other surrounding counties. Community support is reflected in the hospital's management body, including the Lincoln Hospital's Board of Trustees. Beginning in 1921, the 21-member council comprised a third of members elected from the white community, while others were appointed from leading African institutions and families in Durham, as well as local municipalities and districts. The Council also includes members of the Duke family, an appointee of NC Farmers and Mechanics Bank, and representatives of NC Mutual Life Insurance Company. Finally, a black woman, a white man, and a black man were chosen from the community to serve on the Council. Black and white women in the Durham community are responsible for providing bed sheets, furniture, and other supplies for hospitals and nursing homes through the public donation drive. White clubwomen track the quality of hospital care, supervise nursing students, and act as a link between the institution and the white community. Lady Board of Manager Lincoln Hospital acts as a women's leadership body in the hospital, responsible for raising funds for hospitals and institutional improvements. Durham County also provides funds to run the hospital.
With the support of the community, the hospital established a mission to provide care regardless of the patient's ability to pay. The number of charity patients received by Lincoln is not limited to certain quotas. According to a 1938 report, two-thirds of 1,879 Lincoln Hospital patients were charitable cases. On the day of moving for a new facility in 1925, 18 of the 85 treated patients came from other cities where there was no health care facility for blacks. Reflecting the broad community-based support and pride of the institution, Durham residents often refer to Lincoln as "our hospital."
Facilities
The original wood-frame hospital building, located on the corner of Cozart St. (Alley) and East Proctor St. and accommodates up to 50 patients, damaged in a fire 1924. Additional fund recruitment initially intended to extend the original facility enabled the immediate construction of a new building, completed in 1924 and opened on January 15, 1925. The Nurses Home was also added in 1924 as a gift from B.N. Duke to remember his son, Angier B. Duke.
Maps Lincoln Hospital (Durham, NC)
Medical services
Consistent with the primary mission of patient care, Lincoln Hospital provides access to some of the best black doctors on the East coast through the departments of medicine, gynecology and midwifery, and surgery. The Department of Medicine at Lincoln Hospital provides general services for the prevention and treatment of venereal disease, emergency care, cancer, and adult drugs on a regular basis. Over the years, the medical department is tailored to the specialization of the physician present, and the needs of the wider community.
Radiology and laboratory services
Full-time doctors at the Duke and Watts hospitals provide lab and radiology services to Lincoln, providing quality supervision for this specialization without on-site expertise. A leading pioneer in this department was Margaret Kennedy Goodwin (radiology chief technician, 1938-1976), the first African American woman to be elected to the American Registry of Radiology. Goodwin also led a two-year training program for laboratory and radiology technicians beginning in 1950.
Gynecology and obstetrics
Hospitals focus on increasing the number of hospital deliveries, developing maternal education programs, and maintaining follow-up programs to reduce maternal and infant deaths. At that time, infant mortality was very high: 411 deaths per 1,000 live births among black children, excluding miscarriage and stillbirth, compared to 137.5 per 1,000 for whites in 1910 and many mothers who died at home due to birth complications. Education on the risks of births increases the rate of hospital delivery for black women in Durham. Prenatal care at Lincoln Hospital also includes screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as syphilis. Mothers tested positive for counseling and treatment to prevent transmission of STIs to their babies at birth.
Pediatrics
In addition to STI screening at birth, Lincoln also works to reduce child mortality through postnatal care and childhood at Well Baby Clinic. Black mothers are encouraged to bring their children back for examination, to ensure that their babies achieve growth and weight standards for their age. Proper diet and eating schedule are also taught to the mother. All babies in the clinic were immunized. In 1963, the country calculated the rate of infection among African American children to be lower than the rate among white children in Durham. The pediatric department also then offers special programs such as the Disabled Children Clinic - a joint effort between the Lincoln orthopedic department and Duke Hospital. In 1937, the infant mortality rate for infants under one year of age in County Durham was reduced to 52.2 per 1,000 live births among whites and 94.2 per 1,000 among blacks.
Surgery
Lincoln Hospital's surgical department provides comprehensive surgical services for African Americans not available in nearby hospitals. While the service was considered substandard in the early years of the hospital, Dr. Max Schiebel (Head Surgery, 1944-1971) revitalized the program by raising standards and providing surgical skills.
Health education
In the early years of the hospital, a partnership with Leonard Medical School at Shaw University (the first four-year black medical school in the US and the first medical school in North Carolina) serves as a pipeline to practice in Lincoln. Seven of Lincoln's original physicians were Leonard Medical School graduates. The Leonard School closed in 1918, limiting local opportunities for black medical education and spurring Lincoln to create his own training program. Lincoln became a magnet for some of the most talented black doctors on the East coast. The partnership with Duke, Watts, and other hospitals in North Carolina ensures a steady supply of residents for the Lincoln education program. Lincoln Nursing School (1901-1976) attracted young African American women to a respected program throughout hospital tenure. In 1934, the reorganization of the Lincoln hospital and the acquisition of funds from Dana Julius Rosenwald and Duke Endowment led to the establishment of an internship program and medical residency. Lincoln Lincoln School School of Nursing
Lincoln Hospital School of Nursing
The Board of Trustees organized the Lincoln Hospital Nursing School in 1903. The program was approved by the North Carolina State Nurse Tester Board. Julia Latta was the first nursing director from 1903-1910. The curriculum design includes courses to be undertaken at North Carolina College in Durham, NC, and formal affiliation with colleges was established in 1930. The specialties of Pediatrics and Psychiatry are taught through affiliation with other hospitals including Meharry Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee and Hospitals Cherry in Goldsboro, NC After the first year of training, nursing students work with nursing graduate students to care for patients, providing essential, low-cost basic care. The Nursing School provides greater employment and education opportunities for young black women in Durham. The hospital maintained its accreditation with the NC Board of Nurse Examiners until the loss of patients jeopardized the school's clinical program in the 1960s.
Medical and residency residency
Lincoln Hospital was accredited by the American Medical Association for apprenticeship training in 1925 and by the American College of Surgeons in 1933. Pediatric care, orthopedics, internal medicine, surgery, and ob-gyn, mainly from the Duke University medical school that rotated through Lincoln from 1930 to the late 1960s. Medical staff and hospital surgery spend time teaching residents and apprenticeships in the ward. Many Lincoln students, both black and white, continue to achieve differences in their field.
Advanced medical education
Beginning in the 1930s, Lincoln hospital became a popular venue for holding continuing medical education conferences due to N.C. College for Negroes, which provides a place for doctors to stay in a time when most blacks are banned in southern hotels. In 1935, Lincoln hosted his first graduate clinic, which became an annual event. The clinic attracts black and white doctors from across North and South Carolina and Virginia to join speakers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University.
Next year
The hospital emerged from the Depression as one of the leading hospitals for blacks or whites in the Carolinas. However, in 1950, the Durham population admitted that both Lincoln and Watts hospitals provide outdated services. A joint proposal for Federal funding to expand both Lincoln and Watts Hospital was submitted to the North Carolina Medical Treatment Commission in 1950. A local bond move passed, giving money for the construction of a new 33-bed wing, completed in 1953 and increased the total of Lincoln beds to 123.
Like many black institutions, Lincoln Hospital declined after integration. In the 1960s, both Lincoln and Watts Hospital provided substandard medical services to Durham. In 1965, Lincoln hospital integrated its medical staff. While black and white medical staff continued to train in the hospital, patients from both races were being treated in other hospitals.
Charles DeWitt Watts founded Lincoln Community Health Center (LCHC) in 1971. The health and hospital centers are operated jointly at the Fayetteville St. facility. until 25 September 1976, when inpatients were transferred to Durham County General Hospital. Currently, the center offers a range of health services including adult, pediatric, dental, social/mental health care, family care and community outreach services. Prenatal services and family planning are available at the Center in collaboration with the Durham County Health Department. Building on the heritage of its predecessor, Lincoln Hospital, LCHC is dedicated to fulfilling its mission statement: "As a leader in the provision of public health care, Lincoln Community Health Center is committed to collaborating with other institutions dedicated to continuous improvement in services delivered to reduce health inequalities while ensuring access to all. "
References
Bibliography
- Brown, Leslie (2008). Upbuilding Black Durham: gender, class, and community development Black at Jim Crow South . Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
- Reynolds, P. Preston (2001). Durham Lincoln Hospital . Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing.
- Rich, W.M. (December 1938). Thirty Eighth Annual Report . University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Documenting South America.
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