the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii began on 17 January 1893, with kup d'ÃÆ' Â © tat against Queen Lili ? uokalani on Oahu island by foreigners living in Honolulu, mostly Americans, and subjects from the Kingdom of Hawaii. They won over US minister John L. Stevens to summon US Marines to protect the interests of the United States, an act that effectively sustains the insurgency. The revolutionaries established the Republic of Hawaii, but their ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which finally occurred in 1898.
Video Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
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The Kamehameha dynasty was the monarchy of the Kingdom of Hawaii, beginning with the establishment of Kamehameha I in 1795, until the death of Kamehameha V in 1872 and Lunalilo in 1874. On July 6, 1846, US Secretary of State John C. Calhoun, in the name of President Tyler , giving formal recognition of Hawaiian independence under the reign of Kamehameha III. As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the Hawaiian Empire entered into agreements with major nations of the world and established more than ninety legacies and consulates in several ports and cities. The kingdom will continue for 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of House of Kal? Kaua.
Mutilated sugar
Sugar has been a major export from Hawaii since the arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778. The first permanent plantations on the islands were on Kauai in 1835. William Hooper rented 980 acres of land from Kamehameha III and began planting sugar cane. Within thirty years there will be plantations on four main islands. Sugar has really changed the economy of Hawaii.
The influence of the United States in the Hawaiian government begins with the owners of American-born plantations demanding statements in Royal politics. This is driven by the missionary religion and the economy of the sugar industry. The pressure from foreign born politicians was felt by the King and the leaders with the demands of land ownership. After the British takeover of 1843, Kamehameha III succumbed to foreign advisers to sue private lands with the great Mà © rà © mà ©, distributing the land as advocated by the missionaries, including Gerrit P. Judd. During the 1850s, US import tariffs for sugar from Hawaii were much higher than the import tariffs worn by Hawaiians in the US, and Kamehameha III sought reciprocity. The king wants to lower the tariffs paid to the US while maintaining the Kingdom's sovereignty and making Hawaiian sugar compete with other overseas markets. In 1854 Kamehameha III proposed a policy of reciprocity between states but the proposal was dead in the US Senate.
In early 1873, a US military commission recommended attempting to acquire Ford Island in exchange for imports of unpaid sugar to US Major General John Schofield, the US commander of the Pacific military division, and Brigadier General Brigadier General Burton S Alexander arrived in Hawaii to assure defense. The United States of Hawaii control is considered important for the west coast of the United States, and they are particularly interested in Pu'uloa, Pearl Harbor. The sale of one of the Hawaiian ports proposed by Charles Reed Bishop, a foreigner who has married the Kamehameha family, has risen in government to become Hawaii's Foreign Minister, and has a home in the country near Pu'uloa. He showed two US officers around the lake, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, personally disagreed with selling Hawaiian land. As king, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let the bishop run almost all business dealings but the surrender of the land would become unpopular with the natives of Hawaii. Many islanders think that all islands, not just Pearl Harbor, may disappear and oppose any land transfer. In November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drink, against his doctor's advice; his health declined rapidly, and he died on February 3, 1874.
Lunalilo did not leave the heirs. The legislature is empowered by the constitution to elect a king in these examples and choose David Kal? Kaua as the next king. The new ruler was pressured by the US government to hand Pearl Harbor to the Navy. Kal? Kaua worries that this will cause annexation by the US and goes against the tradition of Hawaiian people, who believe that the land ('? Ina) is fertile, sacred, and not sold to anyone. In 1874 to 1875, Kal? Kaua went to the United States for a state visit to Washington DC to help get support for a new deal. Congress approved the 1875 Reciprocity Agreement for seven years instead of Ford Island. Following the agreement, sugar production expanded from 12,000 hectares of agricultural land to 125,000 hectares in 1891. By the end of a seven-year reciprocal agreement, the United States showed little interest in renewal.
The 1887 Rebellion and the Bayonet Constitution
On January 20, 1887, the United States began to hire Pearl Harbor. Soon a group of mostly non-Hawaiians called themselves the Hawaiian Patriotic League starting the 1887 Rebellion. They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887. The new constitution was written by Lorrin Thurston, Hawaii's Home Minister who used the Hawaiian Militia as a threat against Kal? you a. Kal? Kaua was forced under threat of murder to fire his cabinet minister and sign a new constitution that severely diminished his power. This will become known as the "Bayonet Constitution" because of the power used.
The Bayonet Constitution allows the king to appoint cabinet ministers, but has stripped him of the power to dismiss them without the consent of the Legislature. The eligibility to vote for the House of Nobles was also amended, stipulating that both candidates and voters are now required to own properties that value at least three thousand dollars, or have an annual income of not less than six hundred dollars. This resulted in depriving two-thirds of Hawaii's indigenous people and other ethnic groups who previously had the right to vote but were no longer able to meet the new voting requirements. This new constitution benefits the owners of white foreign estates. With the legislature now responsible for the naturalization of citizens, Americans and Europeans can retain the nationality of their home country and vote as royal citizens. Along with the right to vote, Americans can now run for office and still retain their US citizenship, something not given in other countries of the world and even allow Americans to vote without being naturalized. Asian immigrants are completely closed down and are no longer able to obtain citizenship or vote at all.
At the time of the Constitution Bayonet Grover Cleveland was president, and its secretary state Thomas F. Bayard sent written instructions to US Secretary George W. Merrill that if another revolution occurred in Hawaii, it was a priority to protect American trade. , life and property. Bayard said, "the help of our Government's flagship officers, if deemed necessary, will therefore soon be given to promote the rule of law and respect for orderly governance in Hawaii." In July 1889, there was a small-scale rebellion, and Minister Merrill landed the Marines to protect America; The State Department explicitly approves its actions. Merrill's successor, minister John L. Stevens, read the official instructions, and followed them in controversial action in 1893.
The Wilcox Rebellion of 1888
Wilcox rebellion in 1888 is a plan to overthrow King David Kal? Kaua, king of Hawaii, and succeeded him with his sister in a coup in response to rising political tensions between the legislative council and the king after the 1887 constitution. Sister Kal? Kaua, Princess Lili ? uokalani and his wife, Queen Kapiolani, return from Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee as soon as news reaches the UK.
Far cousin Kal? Kaua, a native Hawaiian officer and an Italian military veteran, Robert William Wilcox returned to Hawaii at about the same time as Lili ? uokalani in October 1887 when funding for his course stopped when the new constitution was signed. Wilcox, Charles B. Wilson, Princess Lili ? uokalani, and Sam Nowlein plans to overthrow King Kal? Kaua to replace him with his sister, Lili ? uokalani. They have 300 Hawaiian conspirators hiding in? Barak Iolani and an alliance with the Royal Guard, but the plot was accidentally discovered in January 1888, less than 48 hours before the uprising began. Nothing was demanded but Wilcox was exiled. So on February 11, 1888, Wilcox left Hawaii for San Francisco, intending to return to Italy with his wife.
Princess Lili ? uokalani was offered the throne several times by a Missionary Party that had imposed the Bayonet Constitution on his brother, but he believed he would be a helpless figure like his brother and refused the offer directly.
Lili ? uokalani is trying to rewrite the Constitution
In November 1889, Kal? Kaua went to San Francisco for his health, staying at the Palace Hotel. He died there on January 20, 1890. His brother Lili ? uokalani assumed the throne amid the economic crisis. The McKinley Act has paralyzed Hawaii's sugar industry by removing sugar import duties from other countries to the US, eliminating the previous Hawaiian profits earned through the Reciprocity Agreement of 1875. Many Hawaiian businesses and citizens feel the pressure of loss of income; in Lili's response ? uokalani proposed a lottery system to raise money for his government. Also proposed is a controversial poppy license bill. His ministers, and his closest friends, all oppose this plan; they failed to try to prevent him from pursuing these initiatives, both of which were used against him in the ongoing constitutional crisis.
Lili ? uokalani's main desire was to restore power to the king by abolishing the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 and announcing a new one, an idea that seems to have been widely supported by the inhabitants of Hawaii. The 1893 Constitution will increase voting rights by reducing certain property requirements, and abolishing the voting rights granted to European and American residents. It will deprive the rights of many European and American businessmen who are not citizens of Hawaii. The Queen toured several islands on horseback, talking with people about her ideas and receiving tremendous support, including long petitions to support the new constitution. However, when the Queen informs her cabinet of plans, they withhold their support because of an understanding of what their opponent's possible response to this plan might be.
Despite threats to the sovereignty of Hawaii throughout the history of the Kingdom, it was not until the signing of the Bayonet Constitution in 1887 that this threat began to be realized. The event of the originator that led to the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893, was an attempt by the Queen of Lili ? uokalani to disseminate a new constitution that will strengthen the king's power relative to the legislature, where the Euro-American business elite has a disproportionate force. The stated objectives of the conspirators, who are the original subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom (five United States citizens, one English citizen, and one German) must overthrow the queen, overthrow the monarchy, and seek Hawaiian annexation to the United States.
Maps Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
Overthrow
The overthrow was started by newspaper publisher Lorrin Thurston, a Hawaii resident and former Home Minister who is the grandson of American missionaries, and officially headed by the Chair of the Security Committee, Henry E. Cooper, an American lawyer. They gained mainly support from American and European business class living in Hawaii and other supporters of the Royal Reform Party of Hawaii. Most of the leaders of the Security Committee who ousted the queens were Americans and Europeans who were also subjects of the Kingdom. They include legislators, government officials, and the Royal Judge of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
On January 16, the Royal Marshal Charles B. Wilson was told by detectives about the planned overthrow. Wilson requested a warrant to arrest a 13-member Security Council committee, and placed the Kingdom under martial law. As members have strong political ties with US Secretary of State John L. Stevens, the request was repeatedly rejected by Attorney General Arthur P. Peterson and the Queen's cabinet, fearing that if approved, the arrest would improve the situation. After negotiations failed with Thurston, Wilson began to gather his men for a confrontation. Wilson and the Captain of the Royal Household, Samuel Nowlein, have gathered the strength of 496 people who are always ready to protect the queen.
The incident began on January 17, 1893, when John Good, a revolutionary, shot Leialoha, a native policeman who tried to stop a wagon carrying a gun to Honolulu Rifles, the paramilitary wing of the Security Committee led by Lorrin Thurston. The Security Committee is concerned that the shootings will bring government troops to oust the conspirators and stop the overthrow before it can begin. The Security Committee initiated the overthrow by organizing the Honolulu Rifles, comprised of about 1,500 armed local men (non-native), under their leadership, intending to overthrow Queen Lili ? uokalani. The Rifles garnisade Ali'iolani Hale across the street from? Iolani Palace and waiting for Queen answer.
When this event took place, the Security Committee expressed concern over the safety and property of Americans in Honolulu.
On January 17, 1893, Chairman of the Security Committee, Henry E. Cooper, spoke to the crowds that assembled ahead? Iolani Palace (the official residence of the kingdom) and read aloud the proclamation that officially sacked Queen Lili ? uokalani, abolished the Hawaiian monarchy, and established the Provisional Government of Hawaii under President Sanford B. Dole.
United States engagement
The overthrow was backed by US Secretary of State John L. Stevens with a US Marine invasion, who came ashore at the request of the conspirators. Suggested about the alleged threat to American life and non-combat property by the Security Committee, Stevens obliged their request and summoned a uniformed US Marines from the USS Boston and 162 sailors landed in the Kingdom under orders of neutrality and took position at the US Embassy, ​​Consulate, and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16, 1893.
The overthrow left the queen imprisoned in the Iolani Palace under house arrest. Sailors and Marines of the United States did not enter the courtyard of the Palace or take over any buildings, and never fired, but their presence functioned effectively in intimidating the royalist defenders. The historian William Russ states, "an order to prevent any battles makes the monarchy impossible to protect itself." Because of Queen Seon Deok's desire to "avoid the collision of the armed forces, and possibly lose his life" to his people and after some consideration, at the urging of his advisors and friends, the Queen orders his troops to surrender. The Honolulu Rifles took over government buildings, disarmed the Royal Guard, and declared a temporary administration.
According to the Queen's Book , her friend and minister J. S. Walker "came and told me that she came with a painful task, that the opposition party has asked me to abdicate." After consultation with his ministers, including Walker, the Queen concluded that "because US forces have landed to support the revolutionaries, by order of the American minister, it is impossible for us to take the fight". Despite repeated claims that the overthrow was "not bloody", the Queen's Book notes that Lili ? uokalani accepts "friends [who] express their sympathy personally, among them Mrs. JS Walker, who lost her husband because of the treatment she received from the hands of the rebels.He is one of many people who from persecution have died. "
The annexation was immediately prevented by a speech given by President Grover Cleveland to the current Congress, where he stated that:
... A military demonstration on Honolulu's own land was an act of war; unless made with the consent of the Hawaiian government or for a bona fide purpose to protect the life threatened and belonging to a United States citizen. But there is no pretense of such an agreement on the part of the queen government... the existing government, instead of asking for the presence of armed forces, protests. There is little basic pretense that troops landed for the safety of American life and property. If so, they will be placed around such property and to protect it, not in the distance and to govern the Government House and the Hawaiian castle... When these gunmen land, the city of Honolulu is in an orderly and peaceful condition...
But the Republic of Hawaii in 1894 was declared by the same parties that had formed a temporary administration. Among them were Lorrin A. Thurston, a Bayonet Constitution drafter, and Sanford Dole who appointed himself as President of the Republic forcibly imposed on July 4, 1894.
Aftermath
A provisional government was formed with the strong support of the Honolulu rifle groups, militia groups defending the governmental system passed by the Bayonet Constitution against the Wilcox rebellion of 1889.
The Queen's announcement of authority, on 17 January 1893, protested the overthrow:
I'm Lili ? uokalani, by the Lord's Award and under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, the Queen, hereby sincerely protest against any and all acts committed against myself and the Government of the Constitutional Government of Hawaii by certain persons who claim to have been forming the Provisional Government and to this Kingdom.
That I succumbed to the superior power of the United States that the Plenipotentiary Minister, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused US troops to land in Honolulu and declare that he will support the Provisional Government.
Now to avoid the collision of the armed forces, and perhaps lose my life, I do this under protest and is driven by the power of the word it produces my authority until the time the United States Government will, after the facts presented to it, void the actions of its deputy and return me to the authority which I claim to be the Sovereign Constitution of the Hawaiian Islands.
On December 19, 1898 the queen will amend the declaration with the "Memorial of Queen Liliuokalani in relation to the land of the Hawaiian Crown", which protests against the overthrow and loss of property.
Response
United States
The newly inaugurated President Grover Cleveland called for an investigation into the overthrow. The investigation was conducted by former Congressman James Henderson Blount. Blount concluded in his report on July 17, 1893, "US diplomatic and military representatives have abused their authority and are responsible for changes in government." Minister Stevens was recalled, and the commander of the military forces in Hawaii ? I was forced to resign from his commission. President Cleveland stated, "A very basic act has been done that concerns our national character and the rights of the wounded that require us to try to improve the monarchy." Cleveland further stated in his State of the Union address of 1893 that, "After the facts develop, for me, the only course that is honorable for our Government to pursue is to correct the mistakes that have been made by those who represent us and to restore as far as practicable the status that exists at the time of our forced intervention. "The issue was referred by Cleveland to Congress on December 18, 1893, after the Queen refused to accept amnesty for the traitors as a condition of restoration. Hawaii President Sanford Dole presented a request for a recovery by Minister Willis, who did not realize Cleveland had sent the matter to Congress - Dole firmly rejected Cleveland's request to return the Queen.
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator John Tyler Morgan (D-Alabama) and largely composed of senators who backed the annexation, initiated their own inquiry to discredit Blount's previous report, using a written proclamation proof from Hawaii, and testimony given to the US Senate in Washington, DC Not surprisingly, Morgan's Report goes against the Blount Report, and frees Minister Stevens and US military forces to find them "not guilty" of involvement in the overthrow. Cleveland was stalled by previous efforts to restore the queen, and adopted a position of recognition called the Provisional Government and the Republic of Hawaii that followed.
The Hawaiian Native Study Commission of the United States Congress in its final report of 1983 found no historical, legal, or moral obligation for the US government to provide reparations, aid or group rights to indigenous Hawaiians.
In 1993, the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Congress passed a resolution, signed by President Bill Clinton into law, offering an apology to native Hawaiians on behalf of the United States for his involvement in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. This law is known as the Apology Resolution.
International
Every government with a diplomatic presence in Hawaii, except for the United Kingdom, recognizes the Provisional Government within 48 hours after the overthrow through their consulate. Countries that recognize the new Provisional Government include Chile, Austria-Hungary, Mexico, Russia, the Netherlands, Germany Empire, Sweden, Spain, Imperial Japan, Italy, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, China, Peru and France. When the Republic of Hawaii was declared on July 4, 1894, de facto recognition was immediately granted by every country with diplomatic relations with Hawaii, except England, whose response came in November 1894.
The Hawaiian revolution
The four-day insurrection between 6 and 9 January 1895, began with a coup attempt to restore the monarchy, and included a battle between the Kingdom and the rebel republic. Then, after the weapons cache was found in the palace grounds after the attempted revolt of 1895, Queen Lili ? uokalani detained, tried by Republic of Hawaii military tribunal ? i, was convicted of treason and imprisoned in his own home. On January 24th, Lili ? uokalani abdicate, officially ending the Hawaiian monarchy.
Republic, annexation of the United States, state
The Security Committee declared Sanford Dole to be President of the Royal Hawaiian Provisional Government ? I on January 17, 1893, just get rid of the Queen, her cabinet, and marshalnya from the office. On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaii ? I was proclaimed. Dole is the second president of the government. As a republic, it is the government's intention to campaign for annexation with the United States. The rationale behind annexation includes a strong economic component - Hawaiian goods and services that are exported to the mainland will not be tariffed by the United States, and will benefit from the domestic gift, if Hawaii is part of the United States.
In 1897, William McKinley replaced Cleveland as president of the United States. A year later he signed the Newlands Resolution, which provided for the annexation of Hawaii on July 7, 1898. A formal ceremony marking annexation was held at the Iolani Palace on August 12, 1898. Almost no native Hawaiians were present, and those who were slightly on the streets wearing ilima royalist flowers in hats or hairs, and, on their chests the Hawaiian flag with the motto: Kuu Hae Aloha ("my favorite flag"). Most of the 40,000 native Hawaiians, including Lili ? uokalani and royal families, shut themselves in their homes, protesting what they perceive as illegal deals. "When news of Annexation comes, it is more bitter than death for me", Lili's niece? Uokalani, Princess Ka? Iulani, told the San Francisco Chronicle . "It's bad enough to lose the throne, but it's much worse to lower the flag." The Hawaiian flag was revealed for the last time while the Royal Hawaiian Band played the Hawaiian national anthem, Hawaiian? I Pono ?? .
The Hawaiian Islands, along with Palmyra Island and the distant Stewart Islands, became the Hawaiian Territory, the territory of the United States, with a new government established on February 22, 1900. Sanford Dole was appointed first governor. ? The Iolani Palace served as the capital of Hawaiian government until 1969.
See also
- The 1954 Democratic Revolution
- Hawaii - historical novel by James Michener has a fictional account of Roll over in Chapter IV "From Hunger Village"
- The Hawaiian sovereignty movement
- Kal? kaua Dynasty
- Paulet Affair
- Unfamiliar Fish by Sarah Vowell
- Hawaii Unification
References
External links
- morganreport.org Online images and transcriptions of all 1894 Morgan Reports
- "Blount Report: Affairs in Hawaii (1893)". University of Hawaii? I at Manoa Library.
- "The Annexation Of Hawaii: A Collection Of Documents". Hawaiian Digital Collection . University of Hawaii? I at Manoa Library.
- Conklin, Kenneth R. (August 2009). "Hawaii Statehood - straightening history-twisters.Historical narratives defend the legitimacy of the 1893 revolution, annexation of 1898, and the 1959 state ballot. COMPLETE VERSION". Hawaiian Sovereignty: Thinking Carefully About It .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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