Veterinary education is a veterinary higher education. To become a veterinarian, one must first complete a veterinary degree (DVM, VMD, BVS, BVSc, BVMS, BVM, cand.med.vet).
In the United States and Canada, almost all veterinary degrees are the second entry level, and require several years of previous studies at the university level. Many veterinary schools outside North America use the title "Faculty of Veterinary Science" instead of "Veterinary Medicine College" or "Veterinary School", and some veterinary schools in China, Japan and South Korea (such as the Department of Science Veterinary and Animal Farms at Guangxi University in China and the Department of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Tokyo Agriculture and Technology uses the term "Department".) The veterinary school differs from the department of veterinary science that offers a pre-veterinary curriculum, teaches biomedical science (and grants a Bachelor of Science or equivalent), and provide veterinary education graduates in disciplines such as microbiology, virology, and molecular biology.
Video Veterinary education
Degrees
Prospective veterinarians can earn several types of degrees, differ by country and involve undergraduate or postgraduate education. In the United States, the school provides a Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine (DVM). The degree is also given in Bangladesh, Canada, Ethiopia, Hungary, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, Tobago, and Trinidad. Other countries offer a degree equivalent to North American DVM. In the UK and countries that have adopted an undergraduate higher education system, an undergraduate degree is equivalent to a DVM (after five or six years of study). In the US, four-year DVM degrees such as Bachelor of Veterinary Science, Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine or Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery take a four-year undergraduate degree (eight years of study after high school). In Ireland, the Veterinary Program at University College Dublin awarded the Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (MVB). At the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, the degree is Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine & amp; Surgery (BVMS). Some veterinary schools offer degrees that allow the recipient to practice veterinary medicine in their home country but do not allow individuals to take a license exam abroad; for example, veterinary schools in Afghanistan only offer Bachelor of Science (BS) degrees. Although Ethiopia gives the title of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, it is not recognized in the US or Western Europe.
About 50 percent of veterinarians have their own business when they graduate from school. Almost every country needs individuals with veterinarian titles to be licensed before practicing. Most countries require a non-national with a veterinary degree to pass a separate license exam for foreign graduates before practicing. In the US, the Education Commission for Foreign Veterinary Graduates (ECFVG) administers a four-step check that is recognized by all state and US veterinary state licenses, the US federal government, and the District of Columbia. The European Parliament issued a September 30, 2005 directive that provides EU-wide standards for veterinary medical education and veterinary recognition from member countries.
Licensing requirements vary. In South Africa, the Veterinary Profession and Veterinary Law Act 19, 1982 provides an automatic license if a person has graduated from one of several universities in South Africa, New Zealand or the UK (including University of Pretoria, Medical University of Africa South, Massey University, University of Bristol, University of Cambridge, University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow, University of Liverpool and University of London in 2008) or have passed the licensing exam administered by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. All others must pass the exam and apply to the Veterinary Council of South Africa. India has the same system, in which a degree given by certain schools "is considered" to qualify an individual to practice veterinary medicine, but has ignored tests that support state courts that investigate credentials and control the registration of licensed practitioners.
Maps Veterinary education
Accreditation
All developed and most industrialized and newly industrialized countries accredited veterinary schools. Those in the US are accredited by the European Union Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Council on Education (COE) are developing standards of accreditation, with accreditation normally provided by the European Association for Establishment for Veterinary Education (EAEVE) in 2008.
Accreditation systems vary widely in developing countries. In Mexico the El Consejo Nacional de Educación de la Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (CONEVET) accredits veterinary colleges, although some schools have been accredited. Accreditation systems are poor (or none) in other developing countries; Ethiopia has focused on building veterinary colleges rather than accrediting existing schools. With almost no accreditation system, the country's veterinary education is bad.
Reception and costs
Acceptance practices, requirements and difficulties vary widely among veterinary schools and by the state. Reception is generally competitive, due to the small number of places available. Most AVMA accredited agencies in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the UK and the United States share an online application system, known as the Veterinary Medical College (VMCAS) Application Service. Many VMCAS colleges also have additional, individual application requirements, and high acceptance standards.
Admission standards in Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa are also highly variable, with many veterinary schools restricting entry to students from their region, state or country. Twenty-five of the 28 veterinary schools in the US are state universities and, by law, can provide multiple venues for residents outside of the state. Other countries have similar schemes. In India, federal law requires every veterinary faculty to book 15 percent of the place for students from other parts of India. The Veterinary Council of India (federal government agency) performs All India General Examinations, and top scorers are placed throughout the country.
The cost of attending veterinary schools also varies greatly. The value of national currency, the cost of veterinary schools relative to the cost of living (or median national income), and government education subsidies and other financial assistance affect the cost. In countries where the veterinary title is a professional degree taken as a second degree, the government should not subsidize veterinary students as much as undergraduate students.
Curriculum
The veterinary school curriculum is not standardized, with programs lasting from three to six years. In the United States and Canada, the program is generally four years old, usually after a four-year pre-doctor's degree). During the first three years, students learn anatomy, physiology, histology, neuroanatomy, pharmacology, immunology, bacteriology, virology, pathology, parasitology, toxicology, group health (also called population health), nutrition, radiography, and epidemiology. During the third year, students learn anesthesiology, diagnosis, surgery, ophthalmology, orthopedics, and dentistry. For the fourth year, often 12 months longer than nine, students take care of various animals. Clinical education is the focus of most veterinary school curriculums around the world. In 2005, for the first time in its 104-year history, the Veterinary Program at University College Dublin held a free lecture year that focused on clinical training. The Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the University of Zurich has applied a curriculum to teaching pathology with a broad clinical component. Veterinary schools in Israel, Spain, Czech Republic and Slovakia also emphasize clinical training.
However, clinical training is limited in some schools and countries; in Japan, students do not receive clinical education until they have studied for six years. In Sri Lanka, until now there are only a few companion animals; Veterinary education is focused on group health, with little regard for clinical skills. In Ethiopia, some schools have clinical training facilities, and the government has prioritized opening more schools to improve existing universities. There are concerns in the United States that clinical training may suffer because many veterinary education hospitals are in financial trouble.
Most veterinary schools do not allow students to engage in "species specialization", and students should be able to treat different species. However, most veterinary programs allow students to take elective courses that will allow them to specialize during graduation. Veterinary schools in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States are involved in "tracking", and students are asked which veterinary branches they will practice (such as companion animals, cattle, horses, food supplies, poultry, wildlife, and health community). Despite the controversial tracking, about 60 percent of veterinary schools US and Canada are involved in full or partial tracking of students and there are calls for full tracking by some North American educational veterinary organizations. It is said that improved tracking should be associated with a "limited license" of veterinarians to practice only on the species (or specialization) in which they are trained. Although very few veterinary schools require students to enroll in internships or residencies after graduation, internships and residencies are often necessary for veterinarians seeking board certification in Canada, Europe and the United States.
Lectures and memorization are the two most common teaching methods in veterinary education. To a lesser extent, learning-based learning findings, and inquiry-based learning are also used. Problem-based learning has been adopted in most veterinary schools in developed countries, especially Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and Western Europe.
In recent years, the concept of competency-based teaching has been given a lot of attention and some universities that teach veterinary now adapt their curriculum. In addition, the importance of institutionalized systematic teacher feedback has been recognized and tools such as clinical meeting cards are being implemented in clinical veterinary education.
See also
- WikiVet
- List of veterinary schools
- Veterinary Medical College Application Service
- First professional title
- Veterinarian
- Veterinary
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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