Mobile ( moh- BEEL ; French pronunciation: Ã , [m..]] Is the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, USA. The population within the city limits is 195,111 at the 2010 US Census, making it the third most populous city in Alabama, the most populous in Mobile County, and the largest municipality on the Gulf Coast between New Orleans, Louisiana and St. Louis. Petersburg, Florida.
The only saltwater port of Alabama, Mobile is located on the Mobile River at the head of Mobile Bay and the north-central Gulf Coast. Port of Mobile has always played a key role in the economic health of the city, beginning with settlement as an important trade center between French colonists and Native Americans, to its current role as the 12th largest port in the United States..
Mobile is the main municipality of the metropolitan area of ​​Mobile. This region of 412,992 inhabitants consists only of Mobile County; it is the third largest metropolitan area of ​​statistics in the state. Mobile is the largest city in Mobile-Daphne-Fairhope CSA, with a total population of 604,726, the second largest in the state. In 2011, the population within 100 miles (100 km) of Mobile was 1,262,907.
Mobile was founded in 1702 by France as the first capital of colonial La Louisiane (New France). For the first 100 years, Mobile was a French colony, then Britain, and Spain last. The phone first became part of the United States in 1813, with annexation by President James Madison of West Florida from Spain. In 1861, Alabama joined the Confederate States of America, surrendering in 1865.
Considered one of the cultural centers of the Gulf, Mobile has several art museums, symphonic orchestras, professional opera, professional ballet companies, and a great concentration of historic architecture. Mobile is known for the oldest Carnival or Mardi Gras celebrations held in the United States. French Catholic colonial settlers celebrated this festival from the first decade of the 18th century. Beginning in 1830, Mobile hosted the first Carnival mystical society to be formally organized to celebrate with a parade in the United States. (In New Orleans, such a group is called krewe.)
Video Mobile, Alabama
Etimologi
The city gets its name from the Mobile tribe encountered by French colonists living in the Gulf of Mobile area. Although argued by Alabama historians, they may be descendants of Native American tribes whose small fortress, Mabila, was used to conceal several thousand indigenous soldiers before the attack in 1540 on the expedition of the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. About seven years after the founding of the French Mobile settlement, the Mobile tribe, together with Tohomà © Å ©, obtained permission from the colonists to settle near the castle.
Maps Mobile, Alabama
History
Colonial
The European Mobile settlement began with the French colonists, who in 1702 built the Fort Louis de la Louisiane, at Twenty Seven Mile Bluff on the Cell River, as the first capital of the French colony of La Louisiane. It was founded by the Canadian French brothers Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, to establish control over French claims for La Louisiane . Bienville was appointed French governor of Louisiana in 1701. The Roman Catholic Mobile Parish was founded on July 20, 1703, by Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, Bishop of Quebec. The parish is the first French Catholic parish to be established on the Gulf Coast of the United States.
In 1704 the ship PÃÆ'Â © lican sent 23 French women to the colony; passengers contracted yellow fever at a halt in Havana. Although most women recover, many of the colonies and Native Americans suffer from the disease in turn and many die. This early period was also an opportunity to import the first African slaves, transported by French supply vessels from the French colony of Saint-Domingue in the Caribbean, where they were first detained. The colony population fluctuated over the next few years, growing to 279 in 1708, but declining to 178 people two years later due to illness.
This epidemic of additional diseases and a series of floods resulted in Bienville ordering the settlement to be relocated in 1711 a few miles downstream to the current location at the Mobile River and Mobile Bay encounters. A new Fort-earth fortress-and-palisade was built at a new location during this time. In 1712, when Antoine Crozat was appointed to take over the administration of the colony, the population had reached 400 people.
The capital of La Louisiane was moved in 1720 to Biloxi, leaving Mobile to serve as a regional military and trading center. In 1723 the construction of a new brick fortress with stone foundations began and it was renamed Fort Condà ©  © in honor of Louis Henri, Duc de Bourbon and the prince of Condà © ©.
In 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the Seven Years War, which the English won, defeating the French. With this agreement, France surrendered its territory east of the Mississippi River to England. This area is part of an expanded British West Florida colony. Britain changed the name of Fort Condà © to Fort Charlotte, after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, his wife and queen with King George III.
Britain is anxious not to lose a useful population and promise religious tolerance to French colonialists; eventually 112 French colonists remain in Mobile. The first permanent Jewish settlers came to Mobile in 1763 as a result of the new British administration and religious tolerance. The Jews were not permitted to formally reside in the French colonial Louisiana because of the Noir Code, a decree authorized by the French King Louis XIV in 1685 that forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism, and ordered all Jews out of the French colonies. Most of the colonial Jews in Mobile were merchants and traders from the Sephardic Jewish community in Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina; they are added to the commercial development of Mobile. In 1766 the population was estimated to be 860, although the city frontier was smaller than during the French colonial period. During the American Revolutionary War, West Florida and Mobile became a refuge for loyalists who fled from other colonies.
While the British deal with rebel colonies along the Atlantic coast, Spain entered the war in 1779 as a French ally. They took the opportunity to order Bernardo de Galvez, Governor of Louisiana, on an expedition to the east to recapture West Florida. He captured Mobile during the Fort Charlotte Battle of 1780, as part of this campaign. Spain wanted to eliminate the British threat to their Louisiana colonies on the west of the Mississippi River, which they had received from France in the Treaty of 1763 Paris. Their actions were forgiven by the rebellious American colonies, partly attested by the presence of Oliver Pollack, representative of the American Continental Congress. Due to the strong trade ties, many Mobile and West Florida residents remain loyal to the British Empire. The Spaniards renamed the fort as Fortaleza Carlota, and held Mobile as part of the Spanish West Florida until 1813, when captured by US General James Wilkinson during the War of 1812.
19th century
By the time Mobile was incorporated in the Mississippi Territory in 1813, the population had shrunk to about 300 people. The city was included in the Alabama Region in 1817, after Mississippi became a state. Alabama was granted state status in 1819; Mobile population has increased to 809 at that time.
Mobile has a good location for trading, since its location is tied to a river system that serves as the primary navigation access for most of Alabama and most of Mississippi. River transport was aided by the introduction of steamboat in the early decades of the 19th century. In 1822 the city's population was 2,800.
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain created cotton shortages, raising prices on world markets. Many suitable land for growing cotton are located around the River Move, and its main tributaries in Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers. Plantation economies using slave labor flourished in the area and as a result the Mobile population exploded. It must be completed by lawyers, cotton factors, doctors, traders and other professionals who wish to capitalize on trade with upstream areas.
From the 1830s, Mobile expanded into a trading city with a primary focus on the trade of cotton and slaves. Many slaves were transported by ship in coastal slave trade from Upper South. There are many businesses in the city associated with the slave trade - people to make clothing, food, and supplies for slave traders and their neighborhoods. The city's booming business attracted traders from the North; in 1850 10% of the population came from New York City, which is heavily involved in the cotton industry. Mobile was the center of the country's slave trade until the 1850s, when it was surpassed by Montgomery.
Prosperity stimulated an ongoing building boom in the mid-1830s, with the construction of some of the most complex structures the city had seen until then. It was cut short by the Panic of 1837 and the epidemic of yellow fever. The shoreline is developed with docks, terminal facilities, and refractory brick warehouses. Cotton exports grew in proportion to the amount produced in the Black Belt; by 1840 Mobile was second only to New Orleans in cotton exports in the country.
With an economy so focused on one plant, Mobile's fate is always tied to cotton, and the city is experiencing a lot of financial crisis. Slave owners have relatively few slaves compared to farmers in highland plantation areas, but many households have domestic slaves, and many other slaves work on the beach and on river boats. The last slaves who entered the United States from African trade were brought to Mobile on the slave ship Clotilde. Among them was Cudjoe Lewis, who in 1920 was the last survivor of the slave trade.
In 1853, fifty Jewish families resided in Mobile, including Philip Phillips, a lawyer from Charleston, South Carolina, who was elected to the State Legislature of Alabama and then to the United States Congress. Many early Jewish families were Sephardic Jews who had been the earliest colonial settlers in Charleston and Savannah.
By 1860 the Mobile population within city limits had reached 29,258; it is the 27th largest city in the United States and the 4th largest in what will soon become the United Confederation. The population is free throughout Mobile County, including the city, made up of 29,754 residents, of which 1,195 are color-free. In addition, 1,785 slave owners in the area detained 11,376 people in slavery, about a quarter of the total population of 41,130 people.
During the American Civil War, Mobile was the city of Confederation. The H. L. Hunley , the first submarine to sink an enemy ship, was built in Mobile. One of the most famous naval battles of the war was the Battle of Mobile Bay, which resulted in the Union taking control of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864. On April 12, 1865, three days after Robert E. Lee surrendered in Appomattox Courthouse, the city surrendered to Union forces for avoiding destruction after the Union victory at Fort Spain and Fort Blakely nearby.
On May 25, 1865, the city suffered heavy losses when about three hundred people died from an explosion at a federal ammunition depot on Beauregard Street. The explosion left a 30 foot (9 m) deep hole at the depot site, and drowned the ship on the Mobile River; The resulting fires destroyed the northern part of the city.
The Federal Reconstruction in Mobile began after the Civil War and effectively ended in 1874 when the local Democrats took over the city administration. The last quarter of the 19th century was a period of economic depression and city bankruptcy for Mobile. One example can be given by the value of Mobile exports during this period of depression. The value of exports leaving the city fell from $ 9 million in 1878 to $ 3 million in 1882.
20th century
The turn of the 20th century brought the Progressive Era to Mobile. The economic structure develops with new industries, generates new jobs and attracts significant population increases. The population increased from about 40,000 in 1900 to 60,000 in 1920. During this time the city received $ 3 million in federal grants for port improvements to deepen the shipping channel. During and after World War I, manufacturing became increasingly important for Mobile's economic health, with shipbuilding and steel production being the two most important industries.
During this time, social justice and racial relationships on Mobile phones have deteriorated. The state passed a new constitution in 1901 that lost most of the blacks and many poor whites; and legislatures dominated by the White Democratic through other discriminatory laws. In 1902, the city government issued the first racial separation rule of Mobile, which separated the streets of the city. It regulates what has become an informal practice, enforced by the convention. The African-American Mobile population responded to this with a two-month boycott, but the law was not revoked. After this, the de facto separation of Mobile was increasingly replaced by legally regulated segregation while the white man enacted Jim Crow's law to maintain supremacy.
In 1911 the city adopted a form of government commission, which had three members elected by a large vote. Considered progressive, because it will reduce the strength of environmental bosses, this change resulted in the white elite majority strengthen its strength, because only the majority can get a great candidate. In addition, poor whites and blacks have lost their rights. Mobile is one of the last cities to maintain this form of government, which prevents small groups from choosing their chosen candidates. But Alabama's white yeomanry has historically favored single-member districts to vote for their chosen candidates.
Red imported fire ants were first introduced to the United States via Port of Mobile. Sometime in the late 1930s they landed on cargo ships coming from South America. Ants are carried on the ground used as a weight on the ships. They have spread throughout the South and Southwest.
During World War II, defense development at the Mobile shipyard resulted in a considerable increase in the middle and middle class working class white, largely due to the massive influx of workers who came to work in the shipyards and at the Brookley Army Air Field.. Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved to Mobile to work in the war effort industry.
Mobile is one of eighteen cities in the United States that produce Liberty ships. The Drydock Company and the Alabama Shipyard (ADDSCO) support the war effort by producing ships faster than axis powers that can drown them. ADDSCO is also churning out an enormous number of T2 tankers for the War Department. Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation, a subsidiary of Waterman Steamship Corporation, focuses on developing cargo, Fletcher-class destroyers, and mine sweepers. The rapidly increasing population in the city produces crowded conditions, increasing social tension in competition for housing and good jobs.
A racial riot broke out in May 1943 whites against blacks. ADDSCO's management has long maintained a separate state at the shipyard, although the Roosevelt government has ordered defense contractors to integrate the facility. That year ADDSCO promoted 12 blacks to the position of a welder, previously reserved for white people; and the white man objected to the change with the unrest on 24 May. The mayor appealed to the governor to call the National Guard to restore order, but it was a few weeks before officials allowed African Americans to return to work, keeping them away for their safety.
In the late 1940s, the transition to the postwar economy was difficult for the city, as thousands of jobs were lost in shipyards with a decline in the defense industry. Eventually the social structure of the city began to become more liberal. Replacing the shipyard as a major economic power, the paper and chemical industry began to flourish. No longer required for defense, most old military bases converted to civilian use. After the war, where many African Americans have served, their veterans and supporters have stepped up activism to gain enforcement of their constitutional and social justice rights, especially in Jim Crow South. During the 1950s, City of Mobile integrates its police force and Spring Hill College accepts students of all races. Unlike in other states, in the early 1960s city buses and lunch outlets were voluntarily separated.
The Alabama legislature passed a Cater Act in 1949, allowing cities and districts to form an industry development board (IDB) to issue municipal bonds as an incentive to attract new industries into their local area. Mobile City did not form the Cater Act board until 1962. George E. McNally, the first Mobile Republic's mayor since Reconstruction, was the driving force behind the establishment of the IDB. The Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce, believing its members are more qualified to attract new businesses and industries to the area, considers the new IDB as a serious rival. After several years of political wrangling, the Chamber of Commerce emerged as the winner. While IDB McNally encouraged the Chambers of Commerce to become more proactive in attracting new industries, the rooms effectively sealed the Mobile City government from economic development decisions.
In 1963, three African-American students brought a case against the Mobile County School Board for being denied entry to Murphy High School. It's almost a decade after the United States Supreme Court has decided on Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that the separation of public schools is unconstitutional. The federal district court ordered that the three students be accepted by Murphy for the school year of 1964, which led to the desegregation of the Mobile County school system.
The civil rights movement acquired a congressional section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Right of Electing Act in 1965, which ultimately ended the segregation of the law and gained an effective right to African Americans. But the white man in the state has more than one way to reduce the right of African-Americans. Maintaining the form of a municipal commission with a large vote results in all positions chosen by the white majority, since African-Americans can not lead a majority to their candidates in an informally separated city.
In 1969 the Brookley Air Force Base was shut down by the Department of Defense, causing the Mobile economy to suffer heavy blows. Closing results in a 10% unemployment rate in the city. These and other factors related to industrial restructuring led to a period of economic depression that lasted during the 1970s. Loss of work creates many problems and leads to a loss of population as people move to work.
The form of the Mobile City Government Commission was challenged and finally canceled in 1982 at Mobile City v. Bolden , submitted by the United States Supreme Court to the district court. Finding that the city had adopted the form of government commission in 1911 and in large positions with discriminatory intent, the court proposed that three members of the city commission should be elected from single-member districts, possibly ending their executive function division among them. The Mobile State legislative delegation in 1985 finally established the form of the mayor's council, with seven members elected from single-member districts. This is approved by voters. As white conservatives increasingly entered the Republican Party at the end of the 20th century, African-Americans in the city had elected members of the Democratic Party as their chosen candidate. Since the transition to single-member districts, more women and Africans have been elected to councils than under the big system.
Beginning in the late 1980s, the newly elected mayor, Mike Dow and the city council initiated an effort called the "String of Pearls Initiative" to make Mobile a competitive city. The city began construction of new facilities and projects, and the restoration of hundreds of historic buildings and historic homes in the city center. City and district leaders are also making efforts to attract new business ventures to the area.
Geography and climate
Geography
Mobile is located in the southwest corner of the state of Alabama US. According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​159.4 square miles (413 km 2 ), with 117.9 square miles (305Ã, km 2 ) of it into soil, and 41.5 square miles (107.5 km 2 ), or 26.1% of the total, covered by water. Elevation within Mobile range from 10 feet (3 m) on Water Street downtown to 211 feet (64 m) at Mobile Regional Airport.
Nearby Areas
Mobile has a number of notable historic neighborhoods. These include Ashland Place, Camp, East Church Street, De Tonti Square, Leinkauf, Lower Dauphin Street, Midtown, Oakleigh Garden, Old Dauphin Way, Spring Hill and Toulminville.
Climate
Mobile geographic locations in the Gulf of Mexico provide a light subtropical climate (KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfa ), with hot and humid summers and mild rainy and rainy seasons. The record low temperatures are -1Ã, Â ° F (-18Ã, Â ° C), set on February 13, 1899, and the record high is 105Ã, Â ° F (41Ã, Â ° C), set on August 29, 2000.
A 2007 study by WeatherBill, Inc. determined that Mobile is the wettest city in 48 contiguous states, with 66.3 inches (1,680 mm) of average annual rainfall over a period of 30 years. Cell phones average 120 days per year with at least 0.01 inches (0.3 mm) of rain. Snow is rare in Mobile, with the last snowfall on December 8, 2017, before this, its last snow nearly four years earlier, on January 27, 2014.
Cell phones are sometimes influenced by tropical storms and major storms. The city suffered a major natural disaster on the evening of September 12, 1979, when the 3-category Hurricane Frederic passed the heart of the city. The storm caused tremendous damage to Mobile and the surrounding area. The phone suffered moderate damage due to Opal Storm on October 4, 1995, and Hurricane Ivan on September 16, 2004.
Mobile suffered millions of dollars in damage from Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, which damaged most of the Gulf of Mexico cities. Storm surge 11.45 feet (3.49 m), topped by higher waves, damaging the eastern part of the city with massive flooding downtown, the Battleship Parkway, and the elevated Jubilee Parkway. As can be seen in the photo above 2005, the flood covered the steps of the entrance to the Federal Court Building, which is located three blocks from the waterfront.
Christmas Day tornado
At the end of December 2012, the city suffered two tornadoes. On December 25, 2012, at 4:54 pm, a large tornado landed in the city. Tornadoes are rapidly intensified as they move north-northeast at speeds of up to 50 mph (80 km/h). The road takes a tornado to Midtown, causing damage or destruction of at least 100 structures. The heaviest damage of houses is along Carlen Road, Rickarby Place, Dauphin Street, Old Framework Street, Margaret Street, Silverwood Street, and Springhill Avenue. In addition to the housing structure, the tornado caused significant damage to the Carmelite Monastery, the Little Flower Catholic Church, commercial real estate along Airport Boulevard and Government Street in Midtown in Loop, Murphy High School, Trinity Episcopal Church, Springhill Avenue Temple and Mobile Hospital Infirmary before moving to the neighboring town of Prichard. Tornadoes are classified as EF2 tornadoes by the National Weather Service on December 26th.
The route through the city was just a short distance east of the path taken just a few days earlier, on December 20, by an EF1 tornado that had landed near SMA Davidson and took the road that ended in Prichard. Preliminary damage estimates for insured and uninsured persons range from $ 140 to $ 150 million.
Culture
The colonial history of France and Spain Mobile has given it a culture distinguished by the heritage of France, Spain, Creole, Africa and Catholicism, in addition to later British and American influences. It is distinguished from all other cities in the state of Alabama. The annual Carnival celebration may be the best example of the difference. Mobile is the birthplace of the Mardi Gras celebration in the United States and has the oldest celebrations, dating to the early 18th century during the French colonial period.
Carnival in Mobile evolved for 300 years from the beginning as a quiet French Catholic tradition in the main multi-week celebrations that are currently bridging the cultural spectrum. The official mobile culture ambassador is the Azalea Trail Maids, which is meant to embody the ideals of Southern hospitality.
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977) dan Back Roads (1981) ditembak di Mobile.
Karnaval dan Mardi Gras
The Carnival season has evolved throughout the late fall and winter months: the ball in the city can be scheduled at the earliest in November, with a parade beginning after January 5 and Day of the Twelve Christmas or Epiphany on January 6th. Carnival celebrations end at midnight at Mardi Gras, a moving party associated with Lent and Easter time. The next day is Ash Wednesday and the beginning of Lent, the monastic season 40 days before Easter.
On Mobile, locals often use the term Mardi Gras as an abbreviation to refer to the entire Carnival season. During the Carnival season; the mystical community built a float and colorful parade in the city center. Members of the masked community threw a small prize, known as 'throwing,' to show off the audience. The mystical community, which is essentially an exclusive private club, also holds a formal masquerade ball, usually by invitation only, and is adult-oriented.
Carnival was first celebrated in Mobile in 1703 when the colonial French Catholic settlers held their traditional celebrations on the Old Mobile Site, before relocating 1711 cities to the site today. The first Carnival Society in Mobile was founded in 1711 with the Boeuf Gras Society (Fatted Ox Society). The celebrations were relatively small and consisted of local, private parties until the early 19th century.
In 1830, the Cowbellion de Rakin Mobile Community was the mystical society that was first organized and masked in the United States to celebrate with a parade. The Cowbellions got their start when Michael Krafft, a cotton factor from Pennsylvania, started a parade with rakes, hoes, and cowbells. The Cowbellians introduced floats of horses to the parade in 1840 with a parade titled "Gods and Goddess Heathen". The Independent Society The striker, formed in 1843, is the oldest living mystic society still alive in the United States.
Carnival celebrations in Mobile were canceled during the American Civil War. In 1866 Joe Cain revived the Mardi Gras parade as he paraded through the city streets of Fat Tuesday while costumed as a fictitious Chickasaw head named Slacabamorinico. He celebrates the day in front of the Union Army forces occupation. In 2002, Tricentennial Mobile was celebrated with a parade representing all of the city's mystical society.
Established in 2004, Conde Explorers in 2005 was the first integrated Mardi Gras community to parade downtown Mobile. The community has about a hundred members and welcomes men and women of all races. In addition to parades and balls, Conde Explorers hosts several parties throughout the year. Members also do volunteer work. The Conde Explorers is featured in the award-winning documentary, The Order of Myths (2008), by Margaret Brown on Mobile Mardi Gras.
Archive and library
The African National Archives and Museum showcases the history of African-American participation in Mardi Gras, authentic artifacts from the era of slavery, as well as the famous African American portraits and biographies. The University of South Alabama Archives has a major source of material related to the history of Mobile and southern Alabama, as well as the history of the university. The archive is located on the ground floor of Spring Hill Campus USA and is open to the general public.
The Mobile Municipal Archives contains an extant record of the City of Mobile, derived from the creation of the city as a municipality by the Mississippi Territory in 1814. Most of the original records of Mobile colonial history, which dates from 1702 to 1813, are kept in Paris, London, Seville, and Madrid. The Genealogical Mobile Community Library and Media Center is located in the Catholic Church and Holy School Church complex. It features handwriting manuscripts and published materials available for use in genealogy research.
The Public Library System serves Mobile and consists of eight branches in Mobile County; great history and distribution of genealogy placed in a facility next to May May's newly refurbished and enlarged Major Library on Government Street. The Saint Ignatius Archives, Museum and Theological Research Library contain major sources, artefacts, documents, photographs and publications relating to the history of the Church and the School of Saint Ignatius, the urban Catholic history, and the history of the Roman Catholic Church.
Art and entertainment
The Mobile Museum of Art has a permanent exhibit that covers several centuries of art and culture. The museum was expanded in 2002 to about 95,000 square feet (8,826 m 2 ). Permanent exhibits include the African and Asian Collection Gallery, the Altmayer Gallery (American art), the American Art Gallery of Katharine C. Cochrane, the Maisel European Gallery, the Riddick Glass Gallery, the Smith Crafts Gallery and the Ann B. Hearin Gallery (contemporary works).
The Center for the Living Arts is an organization that operates the historic Saenger Theater and Space 301, a contemporary art gallery. The Saenger Theater opened in 1927 as a movie palace. Today is a performing arts center and serves as a small concert venue for the city. It is home to the Mobile Symphony Orchestra, hosted by Maestro Scott Speck. Room 301 Gallery and Studio originally housed adjacent to Saenger, but moved into their own space in 2008. The 93,000 sq ft (8,640 m 2 ) building, donated to the Center by Press-List after relocation to a new modern facility, underwent renovation and redesign worth $ 5.2 million before opening. The Crescent Theater in downtown Mobile has been showing home art movies since 2008.
Mobile Civic Center contains three facilities under one roof. The 400 square foot (37,161 m 2 ) building has an arena, theater and exhibition halls. It is the premier concert venue for the city and hosts various events. It is home to Mobile Opera and Mobile Ballet. The 60 year old Opera Opera averages about 1,200 attendees per performance. Various events are held at Mobile's Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center. It contains an exhibit space of 100,000 square feet (9,290 m), a ballroom of 15,000 square feet (1,394 m), and sixteen meeting rooms.
The city has hosted the Greater Gulf State Fair, held every October since 1955. The city also hosts BayFest, an annual three-day music festival with over 125 live musical performances on various stages scattered throughout the city center; now holding the festival of Ten Sixty Five, a free music festival.
The Mobile Theater Guild is a nonprofit community theater that has served this city since 1947. It is a member of the Mobile Arts Council, the Alabama Theater and Speech Conference, Southeastern Theater Conference, and the American Community Theater Association. Mobile also hosts the Players Joe Jefferson, the oldest continuous community theater in Alabama. The group is named in honor of the famous comedian actor Joe Jefferson, who spent part of his teenage years in Mobile. The Players debuted their first production on December 17, 1947. The Drama Camp Productions and Sunny Side Theater are Mobile homes for children's theaters and fun. The group began its summer camp in 2002, expanded into facilities throughout the year in 2008 and recently moved to the Azalea City Art Center, a community of drama art, music, art, photography, and dance teachers. The group has produced Broadway shows including "Miracle on 34th Street," "Honk," "Fame," and "Hairspray."
The Mobile Arts Council is an umbrella organization for the arts in Mobile. Founded in 1955 as a Junior Mobile League project with a mission to enhance cooperation among art and cultural organizations in the area and to provide a forum for issues in art, music, theater and literature.
Tourism
Museum
Mobile is home to many museums. Battleship Memorial Park is a military park on the shore of Mobile Bay and features World War II era warships USSÃ, Alabama , World War II era submarine USS Drum , Korean and Vietnam War War Memorials, and various historic military equipment. The Mobile History Museum displays over 300 years of Mobile history and prehistory. It is housed in the historic Old Town Hall (1857), a National Historic Landmark. The Oakleigh Historic Complex has three museum houses that try to interpret the lives of people from three layers of 19th century society in Mobile, the enslaved, working class, and upper class. The Mobile Carnival Museum, which houses the history and memorabilia of Mardi Gras town, documents the buoys, costumes, and displays seen during the festival season's history. The Bragg-Mitchell Mansion (1855), Richards DAR House (1860), and Condà © © -Charlotte House (1822) is a historic antebellum antique house museum. Fort Morgan (1819), Fort Gaines (1821), and Historic Blakeley State Park all became prominent figures in the history of the local American Civil War.
Mobile Medical Museum is housed in the historic home of Vincent-Doan House (1827) colonial style. It features artifacts and resources that record the long history of medicine in Mobile. The Phoenix Fire Museum is located in Phoenix Fire Company No. 6 of the restored buildings and displays the history of a firefighting company in Mobile from their organization in 1838. The Mobile Police Department museum displays an exhibit that tells the history of law enforcement in Mobile. Gulf Coast Exploreum Science Center is a non-profit science center located in the city center. It features permanent and traveling exhibits, IMAX vault theater, virtual 3D virtual theater, and a live chemistry laboratory. Dauphin Island Sea Lab is located south of the city, on Dauphin Island near the mouth of Mobile Bay. It's Estuarium's home, an aquarium that depicts four of Mobile Bay's ecosystem habitats: river delta, bay, barrier island and the Gulf of Mexico.
Parks and other attractions
Mobile Botanical Gardens features a variety of flora scattered over 100 acres (40 ha). It contains the Millie McConnell Rhododendron Garden with 1,000 firs and the original azaleas and 30-acre (12Ã, ha) Longleaf Pine Habitat. Bellingrath Gardens and Home, located in Fowl River, is a 65 acres botanical garden (26 acres) and a 10,500 square foot (975 m) historic mansion built in the 1930s. The 5 Rivers Delta Resource Center is a facility that allows visitors to learn and access Mobile, Tensaw, Apalachee, Middle, Blakeley, and rivers in Spain. It was established to serve as an easily accessible gateway to the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. In addition to offering several boats and adventure tours, it contains a small theater; exhibition space; meeting facilities; footpath; canoe and kayak rowers.
Mobile has more than 45 public parks within its limits, with some of which are special notes. Bienville Square is a historic park in Lower Dauphin Street Historic District. It is assumed its present form in 1850 and named for the founder of Mobile, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville. It used to be the main gathering place for the population, when the city is smaller, and remains popular today. Cathedral Square is a one-block performing arts park, also in Lower Dauphin Street Historical District, overlooked by the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception Cathedral.
Fort Conde is the reconstruction of the original town of Fort Conde, built on the original citadel footprint. It serves as the official welcome center and the colonial era living history museum. The Spanish Plaza is a downtown park that respects the Spanish phase of the city between 1780 and 1813. It features Arches of Friendship, a fountain presented to Mobile by the city of MÃÆ'¡laga, Spain. Langan Park, the largest 720 acre park (291 ha), features lakes, natural spaces, and contains the Mobile Museum of Art, the Azalea City Golf Course, the Mobile Botanical Gardens and Playhouse in the Park.
Historic architecture
Cellular has examples of architecture of the era before the rise of Greece, the Gothic Awakening, Italianate, and Creole cottages. Architectural styles were later found in the city including various Victorian types, rifle types, Colonial Revival, Tudor Awakening, Spanish Colonial Revival, Beaux-Arts and many others. The city currently has nine major historic districts: Old Dauphin Way, Oakleigh Garden, Lower Dauphin Street, Leinkauf, De Tonti Square, Church Street East, Ashland Place, Campsite, and Midtown.
Mobile has a number of historic buildings in the city, including many churches and private homes. Some of Mobile's historic churches include Christ Church Cathedral, Immaculate Conception Cathedral Basilica, Emanuel AME Church, Government Street Presbyterian Church, Mission St. Baptist Church. Louis Street, AME Zion State Street Church, Stone Street Baptist Church, Trinity Episcopal Church, St. John's Church Paul Street Methodist, Saint Joseph Roman Catholic Church, Saint Francis Xavier Catholic Church, Saint Matthew Catholic Church, St. Paul Episcopal Chapel, and Saint Vincent de Paul. The Sodality Chapel and St. Joseph's Chapel at Spring Hill College are the two historic churches on the campus. Two historic Roman Catholic monasteries survive, Monastery and Visitation Academy and Monastery Grace.
Barton Academy is a historic Greek Revival school building and a local landmark on Government Street. Bishop Portier House and Carlen House are two of the many examples of Creole cottages that still survive in the city. Mobile City Hospital and the US Marine Hospital both restored the Greek Revival hospital building that preceded the Civil War. The Washington Firehouse No. 5 is a Greek Fire station, built in 1851. The Hunter House is an example of Italian style and built by a successful African American businesswoman in the 19th century. The Shepard House is a good example of Queen Anne style. The Scottish Rite Temple is the only surviving example of the architecture of the Egyptian Revival in the city. The Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Passenger Terminals are examples of the Mission Revival style.
The city has several historic cemeteries established shortly after the colonial era. They replaced the colonial Campo Santo, with no traces left. The Church Street Graveyard contains tombs on land and monuments spread over 4 hectares (2 ha) and was established in 1819, during the peak of the yellow fever epidemic. The nearby Magnolia Cemetery (49 hectares) was established in 1836 and served as the premier mobile cemetery of Mobile during the late 19th and early 19th centuries, with about 80,000 burials. It features tombs and many intricately carved monuments and sculptures.
The Catholic cemetery was founded in 1848 by the Archdiocese of Mobile and covers more than 150 hectares (61 ha). It contains plots for Brothers of the Sacred Heart, Little Sisters of the Poor, Sisters of Charity, and Sisters of Mercy, in addition to many other historic burials. The Jewish Community of Mobile dates back to the 1820s and the city has two historical Jewish cemeteries, Sha'arai Shomayim Cemetery and the Chessed Ahavas Cemetery. Sha'arai Shomayim is the older of the two.
Demographics
The 2010 US Census determined that there were 195,111 people living within the city limits of Mobile. Mobile is the center of Alabama's second largest metropolitan area, consisting of all Mobile County. Metropolitan Mobile is estimated to have a population of 413,936 in 2012.
The 2010 census showed that there were 78,959 households, of which 21,073 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28,073 married couples living together, 17,037 had a married woman without a husband, 3,579 had a householder without a wife present , and 30,270 are not family. 25,439 of all households are made up of individuals and 8,477 have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. City racial makeup is 50.6% Black or African American, 45.0% White, 0.3% Native Americans, 1.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islands, 0.9% of other races, 1, 4% of two or more races, and 2.4% of the population is Latino. Non-Hispanic whites 43.9% of the population in 2010, down from 62.1% in 1980. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 3.07. Estimates of same-sex couples comprise 0.3% of all households in 2010.
The age distribution of the population in 2010 consisted of 6.7% under the age of five, 75.9% above 18, and 13.7% above 65. The median age was 35.7 years. The male population is 47.0% and the female population is 53.0%. The average income for households in the city is $ 37,056 for 2006 to 2010. The per capita income for the city is $ 22,401.
Government
Since 1985, the Mobile government consists of mayors and city councils of seven members. The mayor is elected widely, and the board members are elected from each of the seven single vice-chairmen districts (SMD). A five-vote supermen is required to conduct board business.
This form of city government was elected by the electorate after the previous form of government, which had three city commissars, each elected in general, was ruled in 1975 to substantially dilute the minority vote and violate the Right of Option Act at Bolden v. Mobile City . Three big commissars each require a majority vote to win. Due to the appeal, this case takes time to reach a settlement and the establishment of a new electoral system. The city election is held every four years.
The first mayor to be elected under the new single district electoral system (SMD) was Arthur R. Outlaw, who served his second term as mayor from 1985-1989. His first term was under the old system, from 1967-1968. Mike Dow defeated Outlaw in the 1989 election; he was re-elected, serving as mayor for four periods, from 1989-2005. His "The String of Pearls" initiative, a series of projects designed to encourage the redevelopment of the city's core, is credited with reviving much of downtown Mobile. After retirement, Dow supports Sam Jones as his successor.
Sam Jones was elected in 2005 as the first African-American mayor of Mobile. He was re-elected for a second term in 2009 without any opposition. His government continued to focus on rebuilding downtown and bringing industry to the city. He ran for a third term in 2013 but was defeated by Sandy Stimpson. Stimpson took office on November 4, 2013 and was re-elected on 22 August 2017.
In November 2013, the seven-member city council consisted of Fredrick Richardson, Jr. from District 1, Levon Manzie from District 2, CJ Small from District 3, John C. Williams from District 4, Joel Daves from District 5, Bess Rich from District 6, and Gina Gregory from District 7.
Education
Public facilities
Public schools in Mobile are operated by the Mobile County Public School System. The Mobile County Public School System has enrollment of over 65,000 students, employs approximately 8,500 public school employees, and has a budget in 2005-2006 of $ 617,162,616. The State of Alabama operates the Alabama School of Mathematics and Science at Dauphin Street in Mobile, which houses Alabama high school seniors. Founded in 1989 to identify, challenge, and educate future leaders.
Private facilities
Mobile also has a large number of private schools, mostly parochial. Many of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese. Private Catholic institutions include the McGill-Toolen Catholic High School (1896), Corpus Christi School, Little Flower Catholic School (1934), Catholic School of the Pure Pure Heart (1900), Saint Dominic School (1961), Saint Ignatius School (1952 ), Saint Mary Catholic School (1867), Saint Pius X Catholic School (1957), and Saint Vincent DePaul Catholic School (1976).
Leading private Protestant institutions including St. Episcopal School Paul (1947), School of Cellular Christianity (1961), St. Lukes Episcopal School (1961), Hill Hill Baptist School System (1961), Faith Academy (1967), and Trinity Lutheran School (1955).
UMS-Wright Preparatory School is an independent co-education prep school. It assumed the current configuration in 1988, when University Military School (founded 1893) and Julius T. Wright School for Girls (1923) merged to form UMS-Wright.
Tertiary
Primary and secondary
Major colleges and universities in Mobile are accredited by the Association of Colleges and South Schools including the University of South Alabama, Spring Hill College, Mobile University, Faulkner University, and Bishop State Community College.
Graduate and postgraduate
University of South Alabama is a doctoral-level university established in 1963. The University is composed of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Mitchell College of Business, the College of Education, the College of Engineering, the College of Medicine, the Pharmacy Doctor Program, the Nursing College, the School Computing, and School of Continuing Education and Special Programs.
Faulkner University is a four-year private university at the affiliated University of Montgomery, Alabama. Mobile Campus was established in 1975 and offers undergraduate degrees in Business Administration, Human Resource Management, and Criminal Justice. It also offers undergraduate degrees in Business Administration, Business Information Systems, Computers & amp; Information Science, Criminal Justice, Informatics, Law Science, Art, and Science.
Spring Hill College, hired in 1830, is the first Catholic school in the southeastern United States and is the third oldest Jesuit college in the country. This four-year private college offers graduate programs in Business Administration, Education, Liberal Arts, Nursing (MSN), and Theological Studies. Divisions and undergraduate programs include Business Division, Communication/Arts Division, International Studies, Interdisciplinary Studies, Language and Literature Division, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Philosophy and Theology, Political Science, Division of Science, Social Sciences Division, and Education Division Teacher.
The University of Mobile is a four-year-old Baptist private university in the neighboring town of Prichard founded in 1961. It consists of the College of Arts and Science, the School of Business, the School of Christian Studies, the School of Education, the School for Leadership Development, and the School of Nursing.
Community college
Bishop State Community College, founded in 1927, is a community college, publicly African American. Bishop State has four campuses in Mobile and offers varying degrees of association.
Vocational
Several post-secondary, vocational institutions have campuses in Mobile. These include the Alabama Institute Of Real Estate, the American Academy of Hypnosis, the Bealle School Of Real Estate, Charles Cultural Academy of Beauty, Fortis College, Virginia College, ITT Engineering Institute, Remington College and White And Sons Barber College.
Health Care
Mobile serves the Central Gulf Coast as a regional center for pharmaceuticals, with more than 850 doctors and 175 dentists. There are four major medical centers within the city limits.
Mobile Infirmary Medical Center has 704 beds and is the largest non-profit hospital in the state. Founded in 1910. Providence Hospital has 349 beds. Founded in 1854 by Daughters of Charity of Emmitsburg, Maryland. The University of South Alabama Medical Center has 346 beds. The roots go back to 1830 with the city's Mobile City Hospital and related medical schools. An educational hospital, has the only one-level trauma center and a regional burn center. The Springhill Medical Center, with 252 beds, was founded in 1975. It is the only non-profit Mobile facility.
In addition, the University of South Alabama operates the University of South Alabama Children's Hospital and Hospital with 219 beds, dedicated exclusively to the care of women and minors. In 2008, the University of South Alabama opened the USA Mitchell Cancer Center Institute. The center is home to the first academic cancer research center in the Central Gulf region.
Mobile Infirmary Medical Center operates Infirmary West, formerly Knollwood Hospital, with 100 acute care beds, but closed the facility at the end of October 2012 due to lower revenue.
BayPointe Hospital and Children's Residential Services, with 94 beds, is the only mental hospital in the city. It houses residential units for children, acute units for children and adolescents, and aged forced labor units for adults undergoing evaluations ordered by the Mobile Probate Court.
The city has a variety of outpatient surgical centers, emergency clinics, home health care services, assisted living facilities, and skilled care facilities.
Economy
Aerospace, steel, ship building, retail, services, construction, medicine, and manufacturing are major industries of Mobile. After decades of economic decline, Mobile's economy began to recover in the late 1980s. Between 1993 and 2003 about 13,983 new jobs were created when 87 new companies were established and 399 existing companies expanded.
The established or Mobile based dead companies include Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company, Delchamps, and Gayfers. Today's previously city-based companies include Checkers, Minolta-QMS, Morrison's, and Waterman Steamship Corporation.
In addition to those discussed below, AlwaysHD, Foosackly's, Integrity Media, and Volkert, Inc. headquartered in Mobile.
Primary industry
Port of Mobile
Mobile's Alabama State Docks experienced the largest expansion in its history in the early 21st century. It expanded its container processing and containment facilities and increased container storage at its wharf by more than 1,000% at a cost of over $ 300 million, a project completed in 2005. Despite the expansion of its capabilities container and the addition of two new big cranes, ports go from the 9th largest to the 12th largest with tonnage in the country from 2008 to 2010.
Shipyards
The shipbuilding began to make a big comeback in Mobile in 1999 with the founding of Austal USA. A subsidiary of Austal, an Australian company, expanded its production facilities for US defense and commercial shipbuilding at Blakeley Island in 2005. Austal announced in October 2012, after winning a new defense contract and completing another 30,000 square feet (2,800m of soup> 2 ) build their complex on the island, which will expand from 3,000 workers to 4,500 employees.
Atlantic Marine operates a large shipyard on the former Drydock and Shipbuilding Company site on Pinto Island. It was acquired by the British defense conglomerate BAE Systems in May 2010 for $ 352 million. Doing business as BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards, the company continues to operate the site as a full service shipyard, employing about 600 workers with plans to expand.
Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley
Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley is an industrial and airport complex located 3 miles (5 km) south of the city's central business district. It is the largest industrial and transportation complex in the region, has more than 70 companies, many of which are aerospace, spread over 1,650 hectares (668 ha). Leading businesses in Brookley include Airbus North America Engineering (Airbus Military North America facility located at Mobile Regional Airport), ST Aerospace Mobile (ST Engineering division), and Continental Motors.
Plans for the Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile were officially announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice BrÃÆ' © gier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plan includes a $ 600 million plant at Brookley Aeroplex for A319 assembly, A320 and A321 aircraft. It is planned to employ approximately 1,000 full-time workers while fully operational. Construction begins with a groundbreaking ceremony on April 8, 2013, becoming operational by 2015 and producing up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017. The assembly plant is the company's first plant to be built in the United States. It was announced on February 1, 2013 that Airbus has leased a Hoab-based Construction Alabama to oversee the construction of the facility. The factory was officially opened on September 14, 2015, covering a million square feet on 53 hectares of flat land.
On October 16, 2017, Airbus announced a partnership with Bombardier Aerospace, taking over most of the Bombardsier CSeries aircraft program. As a result of this partnership, Airbus plans to open an assembly line for CSeries aircraft in Mobile, specifically to serve the US market. This effort could enable companies to avoid high import tariffs on CSeries families.
ThyssenKrupp
The German technology conglomerate ThyssenKrupp brought down a $ 4.65 billion combined carbon and carbon steel processing facility in Calvert, a few miles north of Mobile, in 2007. Originally projected to employ 2,700 people. This facility started operations in July 2010.
The company placed both its carbon mills in Calvert and steel plate units in Rio de Janeiro for sale in May 2012, citing increased production costs and reduced demand worldwide. ThyssenKrupp stainless steel division, Inoxum, including stainless parts from the Calvert plant, is sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu Oyi in 2012.
Top entrepreneurs
According to Comprehensive Mobile Annual Financial Report 2011, the top companies in the city during 2011 are:
Unemployment rate
The unemployment rate of the US Labor Force Labor Statistics Bureau (not seasonally adjusted) for the Mobile Metropolitan Statistical Area was 7.5% for July 2013, compared to an unadjusted rate of 6.6% for Alabama as a whole and 7.4% for the whole country.
Transportation
Air
Local airline passengers are served by Mobile Regional Airport, with direct connections to four major hub airports. Served by American Eagle, with services to Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport and Charlotte/Douglas International Airport; United Express, with services to George Bush Intercontinental Airport and Delta Connection, with service to Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport. Mobile Downtown Airport at Brookley Aeroplex serves corporate, cargo and private aircraft.
Rel
Mobile is served by four Class I railways, including Canadian National Railway (CNR), CSX Transportation (CSX), Kansas City South Railroad (KCS), and Norfolk Southern Railway (NS). Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway (AGR), Class III train, connect Mobile to Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) in Amory, Mississippi. It meets in Port of Mobile, which provides inter-modal transportation services to companies involved in importing and exporting. Other trains include CG Railway (CGR), rail service to Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, and Alabama State Docks (TASD) Railway Terminal, a railroad track. The city was serviced by Amtrak's passenger train service Sunset Limited until 2005, when the service was suspended due to Hurricane Katrina's effects.
Highway
Two major interstate highways and spur on Mobile. Interstate 10 runs northeast to southwest across town while Interstate 65 begins in Mobile on Interstate 10 and runs north. Interstate 165 connects to Interstate 65 just north of the city in Prichard and joins Interstate 10 in downtown Mobile. The phone is well served by many major highway systems. The US Highway US 31, US 43, US 45, US 90, and US 98 radiate from Mobile traveling east, west and north. Mobile has three eastern routes across the Mobile River and Mobile Bay to neighboring Baldwin County, Alabama. Interstate 10 leaves downtown through the George Wallace Tunnel under the river and then across the bay across the Jubilee Parkway to Spanish Fort and Daphne. US 98 leaves downtown through the Bankhead Tunnel under the river, to Blakeley Island, and then passes the bay across the Battleship Parkway to Spanish Fort, Alabama. US 90 travels through the Cochrane-Africatown Bridge to the north of downtown to Blakeley Island where it becomes co-routed with US 98.
Mobile public transport is the Wave Transit System featuring buses with 18 fixed routes and environmental services. Baylinc is a public transit bus service provided by the Baldwin Rural Transit System in collaboration with the Wave Transit System that provides services between Baldwin County east and downtown Mobile. Baylinc operates Monday through Friday. Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus services between Mobile and many locations throughout the United States. The phone is serviced by several taxi and limousine services.
Water
Port of Mobile has a public, deepwater terminal with direct access to 2,400 miles (2,400 km) of land and intracoastal routes that serve the Great Lakes, the Ohio and Tennessee river valleys (via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway), and the Gulf of Mexico. The Alabama State Port Authority owns and operates a public terminal in Port of Mobile. The public terminal handles large, large, breakbulk, roll-on/roll-off, and heavy cargo cargoes. The port is also home to private bulk terminal operators, as well as a number of highly specialized shipbuilding and repair companies with two of the largest floating dry docks on the Gulf Coast.
This town is the home port for cruises from Carnival Cruise Lines. The first cruise ship to call the port house was Holiday , which left town in November 2009 so the bigger and newer vessels could replace it. The Fantasy Carnival is operated from the Phone since then until Carnival Elasi arrived in May 2010. In early 2011, Carnival announced that although the cruise ship is fully booked, the company will stop operating from Mobile in October 2011. The termination of this shipping service left the city with an annual debt service of approximately two million dollars associated with the terminal. In September 2015, Carnival announced that the Fantasy Carnival has moved from Miami, Florida to Mobile, Alabama after a five-year hiatus and will offer four and five night voyages to Mexico starting in November 2016 through November 2017. A four-night cruise will visit Cozumel, Mexico while five night cruises will also visit Costa Maya or Progreso. Synergized
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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