Oregon ( Ã, ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwest Pacific region of the West Coast of the United States. The Columbia River describes many of Oregon's northern borders along Washington state, while the Snake River depicts many of its eastern border along Idaho. 42 Â ° north parallel depicts the southern boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon is one of only three adjacent United States states to have a coastline in the Pacific Ocean.
Oregon was populated by many indigenous tribes before Western merchants, explorers, and settlers arrived. An autonomous government was formed in Oregon State in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was formed in 1848. Oregon became the 33rd state on 14 February 1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles (250,000 km 2 ), Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the 27 most populous states of the United States. The capital, Salem, is the second most populous city in Oregon, with 164,549 residents. Portland, with 632,309 residents, is the most populous and ranks 26th as the 26th most populous city in the United States. The Portland metropolitan area, which also covers the city of Vancouver, Washington, to the north, is ranked 23rd of the country's largest metro area, with a population of 2,389,228.
Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse countries in the US, characterized by volcanoes, many waters, dense green forests and mixes, as well as tall deserts and semi-arid shrubs. At 11,249 feet (3,429 m), Mount Hood, stratovolcano, is the highest point of the country. Oregon's only national park, Lake Crater National Park, consists of a caldera that surrounds Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The country is also home to the world's largest organism, Armillaria ostoyae , a fungus that runs under 8.9 km 2 (2,200 hectares) of Malheur National Forest.
Due to its diverse landscapes and waterways, the Oregon economy is largely supported by various forms of agriculture, fisheries, and hydroelectric power. Oregon is also the top timber producer in the contiguous United States, and the wood industry dominates the country's economy in the 20th century. Technology is one of Oregon's major economic strengths, beginning in 1970 with the establishment of Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. The sports company Nike, Inc., headquartered in Beaverton, is the nation's largest publicly traded company with annual revenues of $ 30.6 billion.
Video Oregon
Etimologi
The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has a Spanish origin. The term "orejÃÆ'³n" is derived from the historical record of [15] relaciÃÆ'³n de la Alta y Baja California (1598) written by new Spaniard Rodrigo Motezuma and makes a reference to the Columbia River when a Spanish explorer penetrates into the actual North American Territory become part of Viceroyalty of New Spain. This chronicle is the first topographic and linguistic source in relation to Oregon's place name. There are also two other sources with Spanish origin, such as the name Oregano , which grows in the southern part of the region. It is likely that the American territory is named by the Spaniards, as there are some populations in Spain such as "Arroyo del OregÃÆ'³n" (located in the province of Ciudad Real), also consider that the individualization in Spanish "El OrejÃÆ'³n" with the mutation of the letter "g" instead of "j".
Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon , was in a 1765 petition by Maj. Robert Rogers to the United Kingdom. This term refers to the then mystical River of the West (Columbia River). By 1778, spelling had shifted to Oregon . In his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote:
The defeat [sic]]... is from the Great Lakes to the Head of Mississippi, and from there to the River called by Indian...
One theory is that the name is derived from the French word ouragan ("storm wind" or "hurricane"), applied to the West River based on the original American story of the strong Chinook wind beneath it the Columbia River, or perhaps from a direct French experience with Chinook winds in the Great Plains. At that time, the West River was thought to have risen in western Minnesota and flowed westward through the Great Plains.
Joaquin Miller explained in the magazine Sunset , in 1904, how the name Oregon came from:
The name, Oregon, is phonetically rounded, from Aure il agua - Oragua, Or-a-gon, Oregon - given possibly by the same Portuguese navigator who named Farallones after his first officer, and literally, in a sense broad, meaning cascade: 'Hear water.' You must yawn Columbia and hear and feel the water fall from the clouds of Mount Hood to fully understand the full meaning of the Aure il agua name, Oregon.
Another account, endorsed as "the most plausible explanation" in this book Oregon Geographic Names , was filed by George R. Stewart in an article in 1944 in the American Speech. According to Stewart, the name came from careless mistakes in a French map published in the early 18th century, where the Ouisiconsink River (Wisconsin) was spelled "Ouaricon-sint", broken on two lines with -sint below, so there seems to be a river flowing westward called "Ouaricon".
According to the Oregon Tourism Commission, the Oregonian now pronounces the country's name as "or-uh-gun, never or-missing". After being compiled by the Detroit Lions in 2002, former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington distributed the "Orygun" sticker to members of the media as a reminder of how to pronounce the name of the country of origin. The stickers were sold by the University of Oregon Bookstore.
Maps Oregon
Geography
Oregon is 295 miles (475 km) north to south at the longest distance, and 395 miles (636 km) from east to west at the longest distance. With an area of ​​98.381 square miles (254,810 km 2 ), Oregon is slightly larger than the UK. This is the ninth largest country in the United States. The highest point of Oregon is the peak of Mount Hood, at 11,249 feet (3,429 m), and its lowest point is the ocean surface of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast. The average Oregon average elevation is 3,300 feet (1.006 m). Crater Lake National Park is the country's only national park and the site of Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States at 1,943 feet (592 m). Oregon claims River D is the shortest river in the world, though the state of Montana makes the same claim as the Roe River. Oregon is also home to Mill Ends Park (in Portland), the world's smallest 452-square-meter park (0.29 m 2 ).
Oregon is divided into eight geographic regions. In Western Oregon: Oregon Coast (west of the Coast Range), the Willamette Valley, the Rogue Valley, the Cascade Range and the Klamath Mountains; and in Central and Eastern Oregon: the Highlands of Columbia, the High Desert, and the Blue Mountains.
Oregon is located in two time zones. Most of the Malheur Region is in the Mountain Time Zone, while other states are in the Pacific Time Zone.
Geology and terrain
The Western Oregon mountain region, home to three of the most prominent mountain peaks in the United States including Mount Hood, is formed by volcanic activity at Plate Juan de Fuca, a tectonic plate that poses a further threat from volcanic activity and earthquakes in the region. The most recent main activity is the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Mt. Helens Washington erupted in 1980, an event seen from northern Oregon and affecting several areas there.
The Columbia River, which forms much of the northern border of Oregon, also plays a major role in the geological evolution of the region, as well as its economic and cultural development. The Columbia is one of the largest rivers in North America, and one of the two rivers to cut through the Cascades (The Klamath River in southern Oregon is another). About 15,000 years ago, Columbia repeatedly flooded many of Oregon during the Missoula Flood; the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley is largely the result of the flood. Many salmon make parts of the river, such as Celilo Waterfall, the center of economic activity for thousands of years.
Today, the Oregon landscape varies from the rainforest in the Coastal Range to the barren deserts in the southeast, which still meet the technical definition of a border. Oregon's geographical center is more westward than any of the other 48 states (though the westernmost point of the lower 48 states is in Washington). Geographical features of Central Oregon range from high deserts and volcanic rock formations resulting from lava beds. The Oregon Badlands Wilderness is in the region of the country.
Flora and fauna
Typical western country, Oregon is home to a variety of unique and diverse wildlife. About 60 percent of the country is covered in forests, while the area to the west of the Cascades is more densely populated with forests, which make up about 80 percent of the landscape. About 60 percent of the Oregon forest is in federal soil. Oregon is the top timber producer in 48 lower states.
- Typical tree species include Douglas fir, country tree, and redwood, ponderosa pines (generally east of Cascades), western red cedar, and hemlock. Ponderosa pine is more common in the Blue Mountains in the eastern part of the state and fir is more common in the west.
- There are many mammal species living in the state, including, but not limited to, opossums, rats, rats, rats, large basin pouches, dark kangaroo rats, California kangaroo rats, kangaroo kangaroo rats, rat kangaroos tempo, bats, rabbits, pikas, mountain otters, squirrels, western gray squirrel, yellow jelly, beavers, hedgehogs, coyotes, wolves, red foxes, common gray fox, kit fox, black bear. , raccoons, badgers, skunks, antelopes, puma, bobcats, lynxes, deer, deer, and deer.
- Marine mammals include seals, sea lions, humpback whales, killer whales, gray whales, blue whales, sperm whales, sea-side white dolphins, and bottlenose dolphins.
- Famous birds include American birds, mallard ducks, big blue cranes, bald eagles, golden eagles, western meadowlarks (birds of the country), owls, large horned owls, rufus hummingbirds, pileated woodpeckers, wrens , towhees, sparrows, and buntings.
Moose did not always inhabit the country but came to Oregon in the 1960s; Wallowa Valley herds number around 60 in 2013. Gray wolves were eradicated from Oregon around 1930 but have since found their way back; most of them live in northeastern Oregon, but now there are two packages that live in the south-central part of the country. Although their presence in Oregon has not been confirmed, reports of grizzly bears still appear, and perhaps some people are still moving east of Oregon from Idaho.
Oregon is home to what is considered the world's largest organism, the Armillaria solidipes fungus beneath the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon.
Oregon has three national park sites: Crater Lake National Park in the southern Cascades, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument east of the Cascades, and Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks on the north coast.
Climate
Most of Oregon has a generally mild climate, although there are significant variations considering the various landscapes across the state. The western part of the state (west of the Cascade Mountains) has an oceanic climate, inhabited by a dense green mixed forest. The Western Oregon climate is heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean; western part of Oregon is very wet in winter, enough to be very wet during spring and autumn, and dry during the summer. The high relative humidity of Western Oregon is high except during the hot, semi-humid and semi-humid summer days; Eastern Oregon typically sees low moisture throughout the year.
The southwestern part of the state, especially the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with winters that are drier and brighter and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.
The northeastern part of Oregon has a steppe climate, and its high altitude region has a subarctic climate. Like Western Europe, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest in general, it is considered warm for its latitude, and the country has much milder winters at certain altitudes than comparable latitudes elsewhere in North America, such as Upper Midwest, Ontario, Quebec and New England. However, the country ranks fifth for the coolest summer temperatures of the states in the country, after Maine, Idaho, Wyoming, and Alaska.
The eastern two-thirds of Oregon, which consists mostly of tall deserts, has a cold and snowy winter and a very dry summer. Most of the east is dry and dry like the rest of the Great Basin, though the Blue Mountains are wet enough to support vast forests. Most of Oregon receives significant snowfall, but the Willamette Valley, where 60% of the population lives, has a much cooler winter for its latitudes and usually only sees light snow.
The highest temperature recorded in Oregon was 119 Â ° F (48 Â ° C) in Pendleton on August 10, 1898, and the lowest recorded temperature was -54 Â ° F (-48 Â ° C) at Seneca on February 10, 1933.
History
Humans have inhabited what is now Oregon for at least 15,000 years. In the historical record, the land date date as early as the 16th century. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European powers - and subsequently the United States - fought over the territory's ownership until 1846, when the United States and Great Britain settled the division of the territory. Oregon became a country on February 14, 1859, and by 2015 is home to over 4 million residents.
The earliest inhabitants
Although there is ample evidence that the Paleo Indians inhabit the area, the oldest evidence of residence in Oregon is found in Fort Rock Cave and Paisley Caves in Lake County. Archaeologist Luther Cressman dated materials from Fort Rock up to 13,200 years ago, and there is evidence supporting the population in the region at least 15,000 years ago. In 8000 BC there were statewide settlements, with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia River, in the western valley, and around coastal estuaries.
During the prehistoric period, the Willamette Valley area was flooded after the collapse of the glacial dam from Lake Missoula, located in what became the Montana. This massive flood occurs during the last glacial period and fills the valley with 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) of water.
In the 16th century, Oregon was home to many Native American groups, including Chinook, Coquille (Ko-Kwell), Bannock, Chasta, Kalapuya, Klamath, Klickitat, Molalla, Nez Perce, Takelma, Killamuk, Neah-kah-nie , Umatilla, and Umpqua.
European settlement and pioneer
The first European to visit Oregon was a Spanish explorer led by Juan RodrÃÆ'guez Cabrillo, who spotted southern Oregon off the Pacific coast in 1543. Francis Drake walked to Nehalem Bay in 1579 and spent five weeks in the middle of the summer fixing his ship. He claimed land between 38-48 degrees north latitude as Symbolic Symbolic Act for England. Exploration was routinely recaptured in 1774, beginning with Santiago's frigate expedition by Juan José © PÃÆ' Â © rez HernÃÆ'¡ndez (see Spanish expedition to the Pacific Northwest), and the Oregon coast being a precious place trade routes to Asia. In 1778, England captain James Cook also explored the coast.
Canadian runners and missionaries and French marians arrived in the eastern part of the state in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many traveling as Lewis and Clark members as well as the 1811 Astor expedition. Some live permanently, including ÃÆ'â € ° tienne Lussier, who is believed to be the first European farmer in the state of Oregon. This evidence of Canadian French presence can be found in many French names in that part of the country, including Malheur Lake and the Malheur River, Grande Ronde and Deschutes rivers, and the city of La Grande.
Lewis and Clark's expedition traveled through northern Oregon also searching the Northwest Path. They built their winter fort in 1805-06 at Fort Clatsop, near the mouth of the Columbia River, staying at camp from December to March.
British explorer David Thompson also conducted ground exploration. In 1811, while working for the North West Company, Thompson became the first European to navigate across the Columbia River. When stopped on the road, at the intersection of the River Ular, he sent a claim to the area for Great Britain and Northwest Company. After returning to Montreal, he published the abundance of furry animals in the area.
Also in 1811, New Yorker John Jacob Astor financed the formation of Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to the Pacific Fur Company; this is the first permanent European settlement in Oregon.
In the War of 1812, England controlled all Pacific Fur Company posts. The 1818 Agreement was established alongside the British and American occupied western regions of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. In the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudson Bay Company dominated the Pacific Northwest from its Columbia District headquarters in Fort Vancouver (built in 1825 by the district's main factor, John McLoughlin, at Columbia from now Portland).
In 1841, expert trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young died with considerable wealth and no clear heir, and no system to prove his will. A meeting follows Young's funeral, where an unreasonable government is proposed. Doctor Ira Babcock of Methodist Missionist Jason Lee was elected as the supreme judge. Babcock led two meetings in 1842 at Champoeg, (halfway between Lee's mission and the City of Oregon), to discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern. These meetings were a precursor to a meeting of all citizens in 1843, which instituted an interim administration led by an executive committee composed of David Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale. This government is the first general government to act in Oregon before being annexed by the United States government. It was replaced by the Second Executive Committee, comprising Peter G. Stewart, Osborne Russell, and William J. Bailey, and this committee itself was replaced by George Abernethy, who was the first and only Oregon Governor under interim administration.
Also in 1841, Sir George Simpson, the governor of Hudson's Bay Company, reversed Hudson's Bay Company's long-term policy of a disappointing settlement for disrupting the lucrative trade in feathers. He directed that about 200 Red River Colony settlers were transferred to the HBC ranch near Fort Vancouver, (the James Sinclair expedition), in an attempt to detain the Columbia District.
Beginning in 1842-43, the Oregon Trail brought many new American settlers to the Oregon State. For some time, it seems that Britain and the United States will go to war for the third time in 75 years (see the Oregon border dispute), but the border was defined peacefully in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty. The border between the United States and the United Kingdom of North America is set in the 49th parallel. The Oregon Territory was officially held on August 13, 1848.
The settlement increased with the Land Donation Claim Act of 1850 and forcible relocation of indigenous population to Indian reservation in Oregon.
State Status
In December of 1844, Oregon passed the Black Exclusion Act, which prohibited African-Americans from entering the area while simultaneously banning slavery. Slave owners who took their slaves were given three years before they were forced to release them. Every African American in the area after the law was passed was forced to leave, and those who disobeyed were arrested and beaten. They received no less than twenty and no more than thirty-nine lines on their bare backs. If they still do not go, this process can be repeated every six months. Slavery plays an important part in Oregon's history and even affects its path to statehood. Demand for territory was delayed several times, as members of Congress argued among themselves whether the territory should be recognized as a "free" or "slave" state. Eventually politicians from the south agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a "free" state, in exchange for opening slavery to the southwestern United States.
Oregon was accepted at the Union on 14 February 1859. Founded as a refuge from a slave dispute, Oregon has a "white only" clause in its country's Constitution. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, the regular US forces were withdrawn and sent to the east. The volunteer cavalry recruited in California was sent north to Oregon to keep the peace and protect the population. The First Oregon cavalry served until June 1865.
Post Reconstruction
Beginning in the 1880s, the growth of railways expanded the country's wood, grain, and other agricultural markets, and the rapid growth of its cities. Due to the large number of wood access and waterways through the Willamette River, Portland became a major force in the timber industry in the Pacific Northwest, and quickly became the largest city in the state. It will get the nickname "Stumptown", and will later be recognized as one of the most dangerous port cities in the United States due to extortion and illegal activity at the turn of the 20th century. In 1902, Oregon introduced direct legislation by citizens through initiatives and referenda, known as the Oregon System.
On May 5, 1945, six people were killed by a Japanese bomb that exploded on Mount Gearhart near Bly. This is the only deadly attack on the continent of the United States conducted by foreign countries since the Mexican-American War, making Oregon the only US state that has suffered fatal casualties by foreign troops since 1848, since Hawaii has not yet become a state when Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1941. This bombing site is now located in the Mitchell Recreation Area.
Industrial expansion began in earnest following the construction of the 1933-1937 Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. The hydroelectricity, food, and wood provided by Oregon helped to foster the development of the West, although periodic fluctuations in the US building industry had been detrimental to the state economy on various occasions. Portland in particular experienced a population explosion between 1900 and 1930, tripling in size; The arrival of World War II also provides the northwestern region of the country with an industry boom, where Liberty ships and aircraft carriers are built.
During the 1970s, the Pacific Northwest was heavily affected by the 1973 oil crisis, with Oregon suffering from a major shortage.
In 1994, Oregon became the first US state to legalize physician-assisted suicide through the Death Death with Dignity Act. The measure to legalize the use of marijuana recreation in Oregon was approved on November 4, 2014, making Oregon the only second country at the time to legalize gay marriage, physician-assisted suicide, and recreational marijuana.
City and city
The Oregon population is largely concentrated in the Willamette Valley, which runs from Eugene in the south (Oregon University home) through Corvallis (home of Oregon State University) and Salem (the capital) to Portland (Oregon's largest city).
Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, was the first permanent English-speaking settlement west of the Rockies in what is now the United States. Oregon City, on the tip of the Oregon Trail, was the first city to be established in the Oregon Territory, and was the first capital from 1848 to 1852, when the capital was moved to Salem. Bend, near the geographical center of the state, is one of the ten fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States. In southern Oregon, Medford is a fast growing metro area and home to Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport, the third busiest airport in the state. In the south, near the California border, is the Ashland and Grants Pass communities.
Law and government
A writer in the Oregon State of A Pacific Republic book, written in 1839, predicted that his territory was to become an independent republic. Four years later, in 1843, the Willamette Valley settlers voted the majority for the republican government. The Oregon state functioned in this manner until August 13, 1848, when Oregon was annexed by the United States and the territorial government was established. Oregon retained its territorial government until February 14, 1859, when it was awarded state.
The state government of Oregon has a separation of powers similar to that of the federal government. It has three branches:
- legislative branch (Bicameral Oregon Legislative Assembly),
- an executive branch that includes "administrative departments" and the governor of Oregon serving as chief executive, and
- the judicial branch, headed by the Chief Justice of Oregon Superior Court.
The Governors of Oregon serve a four-year requirement and are limited to two consecutive terms, but the total number of terms is unlimited. Oregon has no lieutenant governor; in case the governor's office is vacated, Article V, Section 8a of the Oregon Constitution provides that the Secretary of State is the first in line for succession. Other state officials are Treasurer, Attorney General, Inspector and Commissary of Labor. The biennial Oregon Legislative Assembly consists of thirty-member Senate and sixty Board members. The state Supreme Court has seven elected judges, who currently include two of the most open gay superpower judges in the country. They chose one of their own to serve a six-year term as Supreme Court Justice. The only court that can reverse or change the decision of the Supreme Court of Oregon is the United States Supreme Court.
The debate over whether to move into an annual session is a long battle in Oregon politics, but voters reject the move from citizen legislators to professional parliamentarians. Because the Oregon state budget is written with a two-year increase and, because there is no sales tax, state revenues are largely based on income taxes, often significantly exceeding or under budget. The legislature has recently been called into special sessions repeatedly to overcome the lack of income due to economic decline, which brings the need for more frequent legislative sessions. The Oregon Initiative 71, passed in 2010, mandates the legislature to start meetings every year, for 160 days in odd years, and 35 days in even years.
Oregonians have elected Democratic presidential candidates in every election since 1988. In 2004 and 2006, Democrats won control of the state Senate, and then the House. Since the late 1990s, Oregon has been represented by four Democrats and one Republican in the US House of Representatives. Since 2009, the country has had two US Democratic senators, Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley. Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since 1986, most recently voted Kate Brown over Republican Bud Pierce in 2016 special elections.
The Democratic support base is largely concentrated in the urban centers of the Willamette Valley. Two thirds of the eastern part of the state outside the Cascade Mountains typically elect the Republic; in 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush brought every eastern region of the Cascades. However, the sparse populations in the region mean that densely populated districts in the Willamette Valley are typically larger than eastern districts in state elections.
In the 2002 elections, Oregon voters approved a vote to increase the country's minimum wage automatically every year according to inflationary changes, as measured by the consumer price index (CPI). In the 2004 general election, Oregon voters passed ballot measures banning same-sex marriage and limiting land-use rules. In the 2006 elections, voters restricted the use of leading domains and extended the range of discounted state prescription drugs.
Federal Representation
Like all US states, Oregon is represented by two senators. Since the 1980 census, Oregon has had five congressional districts. After Oregon was accepted into the Union, it began with a single member in the House of Representatives (La Fayette Grover, who served in the 35th United States Congress for less than a month). The congressional division increases the size of delegates after the 1890, 1910, 1940, and 1980 censuses. A detailed list of past and present Congress delegates from Oregon is available.
The United States District Court for the District of Oregon hears federal cases in the state. The court has courthouses in Portland, Eugene, Medford, and Pendleton. Also in Portland is a federal bankruptcy court, with a second branch in Eugene. Oregon (among other states and western territories) is in Court of Appeals 9. One of the courtroom venues is at the Pioneer Courthouse in downtown Portland, a National Historic Landmark built in 1869.
Politics
Political opinion in Oregon is split geographically by Cascade Range, with western Oregon being more liberal and conservative East Oregon. In a 2008 analysis of the 2004 presidential election, a political analyst discovered that according to Likert scale implementation, Oregon boasts the most liberal Kerry voters and Bush's most conservative voters, making him the most polarized political country in the country.
While Republicans usually win more territory by running large margins in the east, the Democrats' slant from the more populous state is usually enough to swing across the entire Democratic state. In 2008, for example, the Republican Senate was obliged Gordon H. Smith lost his bid for a third term, although he took all but eight counties. His Democratic challenger, Jeff Merkley, won Multnomah County with 142,000 votes, more than double the overall victory.
During Oregon's history, he has adopted many of the electoral reforms proposed during the Progressive Era, through the efforts of William S. U'Ren and his Legislation League directly. Under his leadership, the state strongly approved the size of the ballot in 1902 which created initiatives and referendums for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or direct state constitutional amendments, making Oregon the first country to adopt such a system. Today, about half of US states do it.
In the following years, the primary elections to vote for party candidates were adopted in 1904, and in 1908, the Oregon Constitution was amended to include the withdrawal of public officials. Newer amendments include the nation's first physician-assisted suicide law, the so-called Death with Dignity Act (which was opposed, unsuccessfully, in 2005 by the Bush administration in cases heard by the US Supreme Court), legalization of medical marijuana, and among the strongest anti-urban and anti-urban anti-urban laws in the country. More recently, Size 32 of 2004 reflects a reaction to the land use law. However, the size of a further vote in 2007, Size 49, limits many provisions 37.
From the steps placed on ballot papers since 1902, people have passed 99 out of 288 initiatives and 25 out of 61 referendum on voting, though not all of them survived the challenge in court (see Pierce v. Society of Sisters , for example). During the same period, the legislature had referred 363 acts to the people, which had passed.
Oregon pioneered the use of American postal voting, beginning with an experiment approved by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1981 and culminating in a 1998 vote size requiring all districts to vote by letter. It remains one of only two countries, the other is Washington, where voting by mail is the only method of voting.
In 1994, Oregon adopted the Oregon Health Plan, which makes health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance.
At AS Electoral College, Oregon gives seven votes. Oregon has supported the Democratic candidate in the last eight elections. The then ruling Barack Obama won the state by a margin of twelve percentage points, with more than 54% of popular votes in 2012. In the 2016 election, Hillary Clinton won Oregon by 11 percentage points.
Economy
By 2015, Oregon ranks 17th highest in average household income at $ 60,834. Oregon's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2013 was $ 219.6 billion, a 2.7% increase over 2012; Oregon is the 25th richest country by GDP. In 2003, Oregon was 28 in the US with GDP. The personal per capita income of the country (PCPI) in 2013 was $ 39,848, an increase of 1.5% from 2012. Oregon ranked 33rd in the US by PCPI, compared to 31 in 2003. The national PCPI in 2013 was $ 44,765.
The Oregon unemployment rate is 5.5% in September 2016, while the US unemployment rate is 5.0% that month. Oregon has the third largest number of food stamp users in the country (21% of the population).
Agriculture
The diverse Oregon landscape provides the ideal environment for different types of farming. The land in the Willamette Valley owes its fertility to the Missoula Floods, which holds the sediments of the lake from Glacial Lake Missoula in western Montana to the bottom of the valley. By 2016, the Willamette Valley region produces more than 100 million pounds (45rb) blueberries.
Oregon is also one of the four world hazelnut growth regions, and produces 95% of domestic hazelnuts in the United States. While the history of wine production in Oregon can be traced before the Prohibition, it became a significant industrial beginning in the 1970s. In 2005, Oregon ranks third among US states with 303 wineries. Due to regional similarities in climate and soil, grapes grown in Oregon are often the same varieties found in the French regions of Alsace and Burgundy. In 2014, 71 wineries are opened in the state. The current total is 676, which represents a 12% growth over 2013.
On the southern coast of Oregon, commercially grown cranberries account for about 7 percent of US production, and the 23rd cranberry rank among 50 Oregon agricultural commodities. Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses approximately 27,000 acres (110 square kilometers) in southern Coos and the northern Curry region, centered around the coastal town of Bandon. In the northeastern states of the state, especially around Pendleton, dry and dryland wheat is grown. Oregon farmers and ranchers also produce cattle, sheep, dairy products, eggs, and poultry.
Forestry and fishery
Historically large forests have made Oregon one of the major timber producing and logging countries, but forest fires (such as Tillamook Burn), over-harvests, and lawsuits for the proper management of large federal forest holdings have reduced the wood produced.. According to data of 1914, Australia is the largest single buyer of state timber. Between 1989 and 2011, the amount of wood harvested from federal soil in Oregon fell by about 90%, although the harvest rate on private land remains relatively constant.
Even the shift in recent years to finished goods such as paper and building materials does not slow the decline of the timber industry in the state. The effects of this setback include the acquisition of Weyerhaumerer from Willamette Industries based in Portland in January 2002, relocation of Louisiana-Pacific corporate headquarters from Portland to Nashville, and the decline of former wood-company towns like Gilchrist. Despite these changes, Oregon still leads the United States in softwood production; in 2011, 4,134 million board feet (9,760,000 m 3 ) were produced in Oregon, compared with 3,685 million board feet (8,700,000 m 3 ) in Washington, 1,914 Ã , Million board feet (4,520,000 m 3 ) in Georgia, and 1,708 million board feet (4.030,000 m 3 ) in Mississippi. The slowdown in the timber and wood industries has led to high unemployment rates in rural areas.
Oregon has one of the largest salmon fishing industries in the world, although marine fisheries have reduced river fisheries in recent years. Due to the abundance of waterways in the state, it is also a major producer of hydroelectric energy.
Tourism and entertainment
Tourism is also a strong industry in the state. Much of this centered on the country's natural features; Oregon mountains, forests, waterfalls, rivers, beaches and lakes, including Lake Crater National Park, Multnomah Waterfall, Inscribed Hills, Deschutes River, and Oregon Cave National Monument and Conservation. Mount Hood, and Mount Bachelor also attract visitors throughout the year for skiing and snow activities.
Portland is home to the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, the Portland Art Museum, and the Oregon Zoo, which is the oldest zoo west of the Mississippi River. The International Rose Test Garden is another major attraction in this city. Portland has also been named the world's best city for street food by several publications, including the US. News & amp; World Report and CNN. Oregon is home to many factories, and Portland has a large number of factories in any city in the world.
The coastal region of this country produces significant tourism as well. The Oregon Coast Aquarium consists of 23 acres (9.3Ã, ha) along Yaquina Bay in Newport, and is also home to Keiko orca whales. It has been listed as one of the top ten aquariums in North America. Fort Clatsop in Warrenton features a replica of the Lewis and Clark camp at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805. The Sea Lion Cave in Florence is the largest marine cave system in the United States, and also attracts many visitors.
In the Southern Oregon, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, held in Ashland, is also a tourist attraction, such as the Oregon Vortex and Wolf Wolverine Country Heritage Site, a historic inn where Jack London wrote his novel in 1913 Valley of the Moon
Oregon has also become a popular area for shooting films because of its diverse landscapes, as well as its proximity to Hollywood (see List of films taken in Oregon ). Movies filmed in Oregon include: Animal House , Free Willy , General , The Goonies , Kindergarten Cop , One Fly Above Cuckoo's Nest , and Stand By Me . Original Oregon, Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons, has incorporated many references from his home city of Portland into the TV series. The Oregon Film Museum is located in the old Clatsop County Jail in Astoria.
Technology
The high-tech industry located in Silicon Forest has been a major company since the 1970s. Tektronix was the largest private company in Oregon until the late 1980s. Intel's creations and expansion of some facilities in eastern Washington County continue the growth that has started by Tektronix. Intel, the largest private employer in the state, operates four major facilities, with Ronler Acres, Jones Farm, and Hawthorn Farm all located in Hillsboro.
The spin-offs and startups produced by both companies lead to the establishment in an area called Silicon Forest. The 2001 bust recession and dot-com hit the region hard; many high-tech entrepreneurs reduce their number of employees or get out of business. Open Source Development Labs made headlines in 2004 when they hired Linus Torvalds, the Linux kernel developer. In 2010, the Genentech biotech giant opened a $ 400 million facility in Hillsboro to expand its production capabilities. Oregon is home to several large data centers that harness the inexpensive power and climate of Central Oregon that is conducive to reducing cooling costs. Google has a large data center at The Dalles and Facebook has built a large data center in Prineville. In 2011, Amazon began operating a data center in northeastern Oregon near Boardman.
Corporate headquarters
Oregon is also home to large companies in other industries. Nike headquarters is located near Beaverton. Medford is home to Harry and David, who sell gift items under several brands. Medford is also home to Lithia Motors national headquarters. Portland is home to one of the largest book publishers in the West, Graphic Arts Publishing Center. Oregon is also home to Mentor Graphics Corporation, a world leader in electronic design automation located in Wilsonville and employs around 4,500 people worldwide.
Adidas Corporations American Headquarters is located in Portland and employs about 900 full-time workers at its campus in Portland. Nike, located in Beaverton, employs approximately 5,000 full-time employees on a 200-acre (81-hectare) campus. Nike's Beaverton campus is continuously ranked as the top company in the Portland area - along with Adidas rivals. Intel Corporation employs 18,600 in Oregon with the majority of employees located on the company's Hillsboro campus located about 30 minutes west of Portland. Intel has been the top company in Oregon since 1974.
The US Federal Government and Providence Health system are their respective competitors for the top companies in Oregon with approximately 12,000 federal workers and 14,000 Providence Health workers.
By 2015, a total of seven companies headquartered in Oregon landed at Fortune 1000: Nike, at 106; Precision Castparts Corp. at 302; Lithia Motors at 482; StanCorp Financial Group in 804; Schnitzer Steel Industries at 853; Greenbrier Company at 948; and Columbia Sportswear in 982.
Taxes and budgets
Oregon's bi-annual state budget, $ 2.6 billion in 2017, consists of the General Fund, the Federal Fund, the Dana Lottery, and Other Funds.
Oregon is one of only five countries that have no sales tax. The Oregon voters have been resolute in their opposition to the sales tax, voting proposals down each of the nine times they have presented. The last sound, for Size 1 in 1993, was defeated by 75-25% margin.
The state also has a minimum corporate tax of only $ 150 a year, amounting to 5.6% of the General Funds in 2005-7 biennial; data on which businesses are paying the minimum is not publicly available. As a result, the state relies on property taxes and revenues for its income. Oregon has the fifth highest personal income tax in the country. According to the US Census Bureau, Oregon ranks 41 of the 50 states in tax per capita in 2005 with an average payment amount of 1,791.45.
Some local governments charge sales tax for services: the city of Ashland, for example, collects 5% sales tax for fast food.
The City of Portland enforces an Art Education and Access Income Tax on populations over 18 - a fixed tax of $ 35 collected from individuals earning $ 1,000 or more per year and living in households with annual incomes exceeding federal poverty. A tax fund, a Portland school teacher, and a non-profit organization focused on the arts in Portland.
The State of Oregon also allows transit districts to levy income taxes on employers and entrepreneurs. The country currently collects taxes for TriMet and Lane Transit District.
Oregon is one of six states with income limits. The "kicker law" stipulates that when income tax collection exceeds the economist's estimate by 2% or more, any surplus must be returned to the taxpayer. Since the enactment of the law in 1979, refunds have been issued for seven of eleven biennia. In 2000, the Measuring Voice 86 changed the law of "kickers" of the law into the Oregon Constitution, and amended some of its provisions.
Federal payments to local governments granted to replace timber revenues when logging in the National Forest were restricted in the 1990s, have been under threat of suspension for several years. This issue dominates the future income of rural districts, which have relied on payments in providing essential services.
55% of state revenues are spent on public education, 23% for human services (child protection services, Medicaid, and senior services), 17% for public safety, and 5% for other services.
Demographics
Population
The US Census Bureau estimates that the Oregon population is 4,093,465 on July 1, 2016, a 6.8% increase from the 2010 US Census.
Oregon is the US's "Top Moving Destination" in 2014, with two families moving to the state for every person out of state (66.4% to 33.6%). Oregon is also a major destination in 2013, and the second most popular destination in 2010 to 2012.
In the 2010 Census, the Oregon population was 3,831,074. The gender gender composition is 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 22.6% of the population is under the age of 18; 63.5% aged between 18 and 64 years old; and 12.5% ​​is 65 years or older.
The Oregon racial decor in the 2010 census is:
- White: 83.6% (78.5% non-Hispanic)
- Black or African Americans: 1.8%
- American Indians and Native Alaska: 1.4%
- Asia: 3.7%
- Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.3%
- Other races: 5.3%
- Two or more races: 3.8%
Hispanic or Latin of any race is 11.7% of the population in 2010: 9.7% are Mexico, 0.2% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Cuban, and other 1.7% Hispanic or Latin origin. According to the 2010-2015 American Community Survey, the largest ancestral groups were Germany (19.4%), Ireland (12.0%), UK (11.6%), United (5.5%), and Norway (3.9 %).
The largest ethnic group in the state, non-Hispanic whites, has declined from 95.8% in 1970 to 77.8% in 2012.
In 2011, 38.7% of Oregon children under the age of one year became members of a minority group, meaning they had at least one non-Hispanic non-white parent. Of the total population of the country, 22.6% are under the age of 18, and 77.4% are 18 years or older.
The Oregon population center is located in Linn County, in Lyons City. About 60% of the Oregon population is in the Portland metropolitan area.
In 2009, Oregon residents consisted of 361,393 foreign-born residents. Of the population born overseas, the three largest groups came from countries in: Latin America (47.8%), Asia (27.4%), and Europe (16.5%).
Religious and secular communities
Oregon is often cited by statistical agencies as it has a smaller percentage of religious communities than any other US state. According to a 2009 Gallup poll, Oregon was paired with Vermont as the "least religious" country in the United States.
In the same Gallup 2009 poll, 69% of Oregon residents identified themselves as Christians. The largest Christian denomination in Oregon by some adherents in 2010 is the Roman Catholic Church with 398,738; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 147,965; and Assemblies of God with 45,492. Oregon also contains the largest community of Russian Believers Found in the United States. The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association is based in Portland. There are about 6,000 to 10,000 Muslims in Oregon, most of whom live in and around Portland.
Most of the rest of the population has no religious affiliation; The 2008 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) placed Oregon as tied to Nevada in the fifth US state with the highest percentage of people who identified themselves as "non-religious", at 24 percent. Secular organizations include the Center of Inquiry (CFI), Humanists of Greater Portland (HGP), and United States Ateis (USA).
During much of the 1990s, a group of conservative Christians formed the Oregon Citizen Alliance, and failed to try to pass laws to prevent "gay sensitivity training" in public schools and legal benefits for homosexual couples.
Birth data
- Note: The births in the table do not increase, as Hispanics are counted on their ethnicity and race, giving a higher overall score.
- Since 2016, data for birth of White Hispanic origin is not collected, but belongs to one
group; people from Hispanics may come from any race.
Forward projection
Projections from the US Census Bureau show the Oregon population increased to 4,833,918 by 2030, an increase of 41.3% compared with the state population of 3,421,399 in 2000. The country's own projection estimates the total population of 5,425,408 by 2040.
Education
Primary and secondary
In the 2013-2014 academic year, the country has 567,000 students in primary and secondary schools. There are 197 public school districts, which are served by 19 districts of educational services.
By 2016, the largest school districts in the state are: Portland Public Schools, which consists of 47,323 students; Salem-Keizer School District, consisting of 40,565 students; Beaverton School District, which consists of 39,625 students; Hillsboro School District, which consists of 21,118 students; and North Clackamas School District, consisting of 17,053 students.
Colleges and universities
Especially since the 1990 circulation of Measure 5, which sets limits on property tax rates, Oregon has struggled to fund higher education. Since then, Oregon has cut its high education budget and is now ranked 46th in the country in state spending per student. However, the 2007 law funding the university system goes far beyond the budget demanded by the governor while still limiting the tuition increase of 3% per annum. Oregon supports a total of seven public universities and one affiliate. It is home to three public research universities: The University of Oregon (UO) at Eugene and Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis, both classified as a research university with very high research activity, and Portland State University which is classified as a research university with high research activity.
UO is the highest and most selective state university in the state by the US. News & amp; World Report and Forbes . OSU is the only state university grant university, has the largest state registration for autumn 2014, and is the country's highest ranked university by Academic Ranking of the World University , Monthly Washington , and < i> QS World University Rankings . OSU receives more annual funding for research than all other associated public higher education institutions in Oregon. The state of Portland State University in the state has Oregon's second largest enrollment.
The state has three regional universities: Western Oregon University at Monmouth, Southern Oregon University in Ashland, and Eastern Oregon University in La Grande. The Oregon Institute of Technology has its campus in Klamath Falls. The quasi-public Oregon Health & amp; Science University (OHSU) includes medical, dental and nursing schools, and a graduate program in biomedical science at Portland and a school of science and engineering in Hillsboro. The state also supports 17 universities.
Oregon is home to numerous private colleges, most of which are located in the Portland area. The University of Portland and the University of Marylhurst is a Catholic university located in or near Portland, affiliated with the Congregation of the Holy Cross, and the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, respectively. Reed College, a rigorous liberal arts college in Portland, is ranked by Forbes as the 52nd best college in the country by 2015.
Other private institutions in Portland include Concordia University; Lewis & amp; Clark College; Multnomah University; Portland Bible College; Warner Pacific College; Cascade College; National University of Natural Medicine; and Western Seminary, the theological graduate school. Pacific University is on the outskirts of Portland Forest in Portland. There is also a private college further south in the Willamette Valley. McMinnville is home to Linfield College, while nearby Newberg is home to George Fox University. Salem is home to two private schools: Willamette University (the oldest state, established during the interim period) and Corban University. Also located near Salem is Mount Angel Seminary, one of the largest Roman Catholic seminaries in America. The medical school of both countries, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest, is located in Lebanon. Eugene is home to three private colleges: Northwest Christian University, New Hope Christian College, and Gutenberg College.
Sports
Oregon is home to three major professional sports teams: the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA, the Portland Thorns of the NWSL and the Portland Timbers of MLS.
Until 2011, the only major professional sports team in Oregon was the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the Blazers were one of the most successful teams in the NBA in terms of win-lose and attendance records. In the early 21st century, the popularity of the team declined due to personnel and financial problems, but was revived after the departure of controversial players and the acquisition of new players such as Brandon Roy and LaMarcus Aldridge. The Blazers play at Moda Center in Portland's Lloyd District, which is also home to Portland Winterhawks of the Western Hockey League.
Portland Timbers plays at Providence Park, west of downtown Portland. The Timbers have strong followers, with teams regularly selling his games. The Timbers changed the former stadium used to be a football stadium in the fall of 2010, increasing seats in the process. The Timbers operates the Portland Thorns FC, a women's soccer team that has played in the National Women's Soccer League since the league's first season in 2013. The Thorns, also playing at Providence Park, have won two league championships, in the inaugural 2013 season and also on in 2017, and has been the leader of the NWSL presence in every league season.
Eugene, Salem, and Hillsboro have small league baseball teams: Eugene Emeralds, Salem-Keizer Volcano, and Hillsboro Hops all playing in the Single-A Northwest League. Portland has had small league baseball teams in the past, including Portland Beavers and the Portland Rockies, who played most recently at Providence Park when it was known as PGE Park.
The Oregon State Beavers and the University of Oregon Ducks football teams of the Pac-12 Conference meet annually in the Civil War. Both schools have also succeeded in other sports: Oregon State won campus baseball championships in 2006 and 2007, and the University of Oregon won the NCAA back-to-back cross-country championships in 2007 and 2008.
Sister region
- Ã, People's Republic of China, Fujian Province - 1984
- Ã, Chinese Republic (Taiwan), Taiwan Province - 1985
- Ã, Japan, Toyama Prefecture - 1991
- South Korea (South Korea), Jeollanam-do Province - 1996
- Iraq, Iraq Kurdistan - 2005
See also
- The Oregon Outline (list of organized topics on Oregon)
- Index of Oregon related articles
- Bibliography of Oregon history
Note
References
External links
- Oregon in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Oregon Encyclopedia
- Oregon State Databases at the American Library Association
Government
- State of Oregon
- Oregon State Legislature
- Oregon Constitution
Tourism and recreation
- TravelOregon.com is the official website of the Oregon Tourism Commission
- Oregon State Parks
- The Facts of the State of Oregon from the United States Department of Agriculture
History and culture
- Oregon Historical Society
- Oregon Blue Book, an online version of the official country directory and a factbook
Maps and geology
- Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources from Oregon from the United States Geological Survey
- Geographical data associated with Oregon in OpenStreetMap
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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