Daily living ( ADLs or ADL ) is a term used in health care to refer to a person's daily self-care activity. The ADL concept was originally proposed in 1950 by Sidney Katz and his team at Benjamin Rose Hospital in Cleveland, OH and has been added and refined by various researchers since then. Health professionals often use a person's ability or inability to perform ADLs as a measure of their functional status, especially in the case of injured persons, the disabled and the elderly. Younger children often need help from adults to do ADL, as they have not developed the skills necessary to do it independently.
Common ADLs include feeding ourselves, bathing, dressing up, grooming, working, housekeeping, cleaning up after a bowel movement and relaxing. A number of national surveys collect data on the status of ADLs of US residents. While the basic definition of ADL has been suggested, which is specifically a particular ADL for each individual may vary. Adaptive tools and devices can be used to enhance and enhance self-reliance in doing ADL.
Video Activities of daily living
Basic
The basic ADL consists of self-care tasks that include, but are not limited to:
- Bath and shower
- Personal hygiene and care (including brushing/combing/hair styling)
- Dressing
- Toilet hygiene (going to toilet, cleaning up, and getting back up)
- Functional mobility, often referred to as "transfer", measured by walking, in and out of bed, and in and out of seats; broader definition (moving from one place to another while doing the activity) is useful for people with different physical abilities who can still walk around independently.
- Breastfeeding alone (excluding cooking or chewing and swallowing)
One way to think about basic ADLs is that they are the things that people do when they wake up in the morning and get ready to get out of the house: get out of bed, go to the toilet, bathe, clothes, groom, and eat.
There is a hierarchy to the ADL: "... the initial loss function is cleanliness, missing functions are the use of toilets and movers, and the late loss function is to eat.When there is only one area left where the person is independent, 62.9% that it eats and only 3.5% chance that it is cleanliness. "
Although not in widespread common usage, a mnemonic that some people find useful is DEATH: dressing/bathing, eating, ambulation (walking), toilet spraying, cleanliness.
Maps Activities of daily living
Instrumental
The daily instrumental activities of the IADL are not necessary for basic functions, but they allow individuals to live independently in the community:
- Clean and maintain a house
- Manage money
- Move within the community
- Preparing meals
- Shopping for groceries and needs
- Take the prescribed medication
- Using phone or any other form of communication
Health Care Designers evaluate the environment for its efficacy and feasibility to address Essential, Likely, and Unconditional Everyday Life Activities [eADL, pADL, and dADL]. Health Care Designers consider eADL as an activity we should do. Food preparation, toileting, bathing and dressing all require special environmental plans to accommodate successful completion of tasks. Other activities include pADL and dADLS which are activities we may want to do such as sexual activity and caring for other family members. Beyond the activity we might want is a discretionary activity (dadL) which is a life-giving activity. Examples of dADL include playing a musical instrument or engaging in fine arts such as painting or working with clay. When the Health Educator teaches skills related to daily life activities and the Work Therapist helps with retraining to do ADL, the Health Designer develops an environment to help mediate one's desire to perform various levels of ADL and secure performance and successful word activity.
Occupational therapist frequently evaluates IADL when completing patient assessment. American Occupational Therapy Association identifies 12 types of IADL that can be done as a joint work with others:
- Care of others (including choosing and watching caregivers)
- Pet care
- Raise a child
- Communications management
- Community mobility
- Financial management
- Health management and maintenance
- Establishment and maintenance of the house
- Preparation and cleaning
- Religious warning
- Safety procedures and emergency responses
- Shopping
Role of therapy
Occupational therapists teach and rebuild the skills needed to retain, regain or enhance one's independence in all life's daily activities that have been degraded by health conditions (physical or mental), age-related injuries or aggravations.
Physical therapists use exercises to assist patients in maintaining and obtaining independence in ADL. This exercise program is based on what components the patient lacks such as walking speed, strength, balance, and coordination. Slow running speeds are associated with an increased risk of falling. Exercise improves running speed, enabling safer and more functional ambulation capabilities. After starting an exercise program, it is important to maintain the routine if not, the benefits will be lost. Exercise for weak patients is essential to maintain functional independence and avoid the need for care of others or placement in long-term care facilities.
Help
Assisting in daily activities is a necessary skill in nursing as well as other professions such as nursing assistants. This includes assisting in patient mobility, such as moving the activity of intolerant patients in bed. For cleanliness, this often involves bathing in bed and helping to relieve urination and bowel.
Evaluation
There are several evaluation tools, such as the ADL/IADL ADL/ADL Resource and Parent Service (OARS) scales, Lawton IADL scale and Bristol Activity Life Scale everyday.
Most health care service models use ADL evaluation in their practice, including medical (or institutional) models, such as the Roper-Logan-Tierney nursing model, and population-centered models, such as the All-Inclusive Care Program for Elderly (PACE).
Research
ADL evaluation is used increasingly in epidemiological studies as a later health assessment that does not always involve certain diseases. Studies using ADL differ from those who investigate the results of certain diseases, as they are sensitive to a wider spectrum of health effects, at a lower impact level. ADL is measured on a continuous scale, making the inquiry process quite straightforward.
Sidney Katz initially studied 64 hip fractures over a period of 18 months. Comprehensive data on care, patient progress, and outcomes were collected during this study. After analyzing the research data, the researchers found that the patients they considered most independent could perform a range of basic activities - from the most complex bathing activities, to the least complex of eating activities. From this data, Katz developed the scale to assess the patient's ability to live independently. It was first published in 1963 in the Journal of the American Medical Association; paper has been quoted more than 1,000 times.
Although the scale offers standard measures for psychological and biological functions, the process for achieving this assumption has been criticized. In particular, Porter argues for a phenomenological approach that states that:
Katz et al. (1963) makes the claim which is the basis for the ontological assumptions of the ADL research tradition. In their suggestion that "regression is ordered [in skills] as part of the natural process of aging" (p.918), there is an implicit generalization, from their older sample with a fractured hip, to all older people.
Porter emphasizes the possibility of disease-specific properties of ADL (originating from hip-fracture patients), the need for an objective definition of ADL, and the possible addition of additional functional measures.
The systematic review tested the effectiveness of providing daily life skills programs for people with chronic mental illness:
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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