Hawaii ( Ã, ( listen ) ; Hawaiian: Hawaiian ? i [h ) is the 50th and most recent state that has joined the United States, having received statehood on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only US state located in Oceania and one - all of which consists entirely of islands. It is the northernmost group of islands in Polynesia, which occupy most of the islands of the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only US state located outside of North America.
The country covers almost all volcanic Hawaiian islands, comprising hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern tip of the archipelago, the eight main islands - from northwest to southeast: Ni ? ihau, Kaua ? i, O ? ahu, Moloka ? i, L? na ? i, Kaho ? olawe, Maui, and Hawaiian Islands ? i. The latter is the largest island in the group; this is often called "Big Island" or "Hawaiian ? i Island" to avoid confusion with the country or the archipelago. The islands are physiographically and ethically part of the Polynesian sub-region of Oceania.
The diverse landscapes of Hawaii, the warm tropical climate, the abundance of public beaches, the marine environment, and the active volcano make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists and volcano experts. Due to its central location in the Pacific and the labor migration of the 19th century, the culture of Hawaii is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures, alongside native Hawaiian culture. Hawaii has more than one million permanent residents, along with many US visitors and military personnel. The capital is Honolulu on the island of O ? ahu.
Hawaii is the smallest of the eighth and 11th most rare inhabitants, but the 13th most dense of 50 US states. It is the only country with Asian plurality. The coastline of the country is about 750 miles (1,210 km) long, the fourth longest in the US after the coastline of Alaska, Florida, and California.
Video Hawaii
Etymology
The state of Hawaii gets its name from its biggest island name, Hawaii ? i. General Hawaiian explanation of the Hawaiian name ? i is named for Hawaiian ? iloa, the legendary figure of Hawaiian myth. He is said to have discovered the islands when they first settled.
Hawaiian word Hawaiian ? i is very similar to Proto-Polynesian * Sawaiki , with the meaning reconstructed "homeland". Cognates of Hawaiian ? i found in other Polynesian languages, including M? Ori ( Hawaiki ), Rarotongan (? Avaiki ) and Samoan ( Savai ? i ). According to the Pukui and Elbert linguists, "[e] elsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaii ? I or the cognate language is the name of the underground world or ancestral home, but in Hawaii, that name has no meaning."
Country name spelling
A rather divisive political issue emerged in 1978 when the Hawaii State Constitution added the Hawaiian language as the official language of both countries. The title of the state constitution is the State of Hawaii Constitution . Article XV, Part 1 of the Constitution using the State of Hawaii . Diacritic not used because the document, compiled in 1949, precedes the use of ? okina (? ) and kahak? in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the country name in Hawaiian is Hawaiian ? i . In the Hawaii Admission Act granting Hawaii statehood, the federal government recognizes Hawaii as the official state of the state. Official government publications, departments and office titles, and Seal of Hawaii use traditional spelling without symbols for glottal or long vocal stops. By contrast, the National and State Parks Service, University of Hawaii ? i and some private companies apply these symbols. There is no precedent for changes in the names of US states since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789. However, the Massachusetts Constitution formally changed the Massachusetts Provincial Gulf to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780, and in 1819 the Arkansaw Territory was created but later accepted into the state as the State of Arkansas.
Maps Hawaii
Geography and environment
There are eight main islands in Hawaii, seven of which are permanently inhabited. Ni Island ? ihau personally managed by Bruce and Keith Robinson's brothers; access is limited to those who have permission from the island owners. Access to Kaho Island? Uninhabited Olawe is also limited.
Topography
The Hawaiian Islands is located 2,000 miles (3,200 km) southwest of the United States adjacent. Hawaii is the southernmost state of the US and second most western after Alaska. Hawaii, like Alaska, is not bordered by any other US state. It is the only US state that is geographically located not in North America, the only country fully surrounded by water and it is entirely an archipelago country, and the only state where coffee can be cultivated commercially.
In addition to the eight main islands, the country has many islands and small islands. Ka ? ula is a small island near Ni ? ihau. The Northwest Hawaiian Islands is a group of nine smaller, older islands to the northwest of Kaua ? i stretching from Nihoa to Kure Atoll; these are the remnants of a much larger volcanic mountain. Across the archipelago there are about 130 small rocks and small islands, such as Molokini, which is a volcano, marine sediment or erosion of origin.
Hawaii's highest mountain of Mauna Kea is 13,796 feet (4,205 m) above sea level on average; it is higher than Mount Everest if measured from the base of the mountain, located on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about 33,500 feet (10,200 m).
Geology
The Hawaiian Islands are formed by volcanic activity that begins at an underwater magma source called the Hawaiian hotspot. The process continues to build the island; the tectonic plates under most of the Pacific Ocean continue to move northwest and the hot spots remain silent, slowly creating new volcanoes. Due to the location of the hotspot, all active ground volcanoes are currently located in the southern part of Island of Hawaii. The newest volcano, L? ? ihi Seamount, located on the south shore of Island of Hawaii.
The last volcanic eruption outside of Hawaii Island occurred in Haleakal? on Maui before the 18th century, perhaps hundreds of years before. In 1790, K? Lauea exploded; it is the most deadly eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States. Up to 5,405 soldiers and their families lined up at K? Lauea was killed by the eruption. The volcanic activity and subsequent erosions have created impressive geological features. The island of Hawaii has the second highest point among the world's islands.
On the side of the volcano, instability of the slopes has resulted in devastating earthquakes and related tsunamis, especially in 1868 and 1975. The steep cliffs have been created by an avalanche of disaster debris on the submerged side of the volcano island of the sea.
K? Lauea erupted in May 2018, opening 22 fissure gaps in the East Rift Zone. The Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens are located within the region. The damage affects at least 36 buildings and this is coupled with lava flows and sulfur dioxide fumes, requiring the evacuation of more than 2,000 local residents from the environment.
Flora and fauna
Since the Hawaiian islands are far from other terrestrial habitats, life is thought to have arrived there by wind, waves (ie by ocean currents) and wings (ie birds, insects, and whatever seeds they might carry on their fur). This isolation, in combination with diverse environments (including extreme heights, tropical climates, and dry coastlines), produces a series of endemic flora and fauna. Hawaii has more species that are endangered and have lost a higher percentage of endemic species than any other US state. An endemic plant, Brighamia , now needs hand pollination because natural pollinators are thought to be extinct. Both species Brighamia - B. rockii and B. insignis - are represented in the wild by approximately 120 individual plants. To ensure these plants regulate the seeds, biologists crawl down 3,000 feet (910 m) of cliffs to brush pollen into their stigma.
The main islands still present in the archipelago have been above sea level for less than 10 million springs; a fraction of the time of biological and evolutionary colonization has occurred there. These islands are renowned for the ecological diversity that occurs in high mountains in the trade winds. On one island, the climate around the coast can range from dry tropics (less than 20 inches or 510 millimeters of annual rainfall) to wet tropics; on the slopes, the environment ranges from tropical rain forests (over 200 inches or 5,100 millimeters per year), through temperate climates, to mountainous conditions with cold and dry climates. The rainy climate has an impact on land development, which greatly determines the permeability of the soil, affecting the distribution of rivers and wetlands.
Protected area
Some areas of Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park Service. Hawaii has two national parks: Haleakal? The National Park is located near Kula on the island of Maui, featuring Haleakal active volcanoes? which forms the eastern Maui, and the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeastern region of Hawaii ? i Island, which includes active K volcanoes? lauea and its crack zone.
There are three national historic parks; Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa, Moloka ? i, place of lepra colony; Kaloko-Honok National Historical Park? Hau in Kailua-Kona in Hawai ? i Island; and Pu ? uhonua o H? naunau National Historical Park, ancient sanctuary in Hawaii ? i west coast of the island. Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include the Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail in Hawaii ? i Island and USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor at O ​​? ahu.
The Papah? Naumoku? Kea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15, 2006. The monument covers about 140,000 square miles (360,000 km 2 ) of corals, atolls, and shallow and deepwater up to 50 miles (80 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean - a larger area of ​​all US national parks combined.
Climate
The Hawaiian climate is typical for the tropics, although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because the trade winds are almost constant from the east. The summer peak typically reaches about 88 ° F (31 ° C) during the day, with temperatures reaching a low of 75 ° F (24 ° C, at night). The temperature of winter days is usually around 83Ã, Â ° F (28Ã, Â ° C); at low elevations they rarely drop below 65 Â ° F (18 Â ° C) at night. Snow, usually unrelated to the tropics, falls at an altitude of 13,800 feet (4,200 m) at Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaii in the winter months. Snow rarely falls on Haleakal? Mount Wai ? ale ? ale in Kaua ? I have the second highest annual average rainfall on Earth, about 460 inches (12,000 mm) per year. Most of Hawaii only has two seasons; dry season runs from May to October and rainy season from October to April.
The hottest temperatures recorded in the state, in Pahala on April 27, 1931, are 100 ° F (38 ° C), making it tied to Alaska as the lowest record high temperatures observed in the US state. The record of the low temperatures of Hawaii is 12 Â ° F (-11 Â ° C) observed in May Ã, 1979, at the peak of Mauna Kea. Hawaii is the only country that has never recorded temperatures below zero Fahrenheit.
The climate varies in every island; they can be divided into wind and wind regions ( ko olau and kona , respectively) based on their relative location to the higher mountains. Tortuous sides facing the clouds.
History
Hawaii is one of four US states - separated from the original thirteen, along with the Republic of Vermont (1791), the Republic of Texas (1845), and the Republic of California (1846) - which was an independent state before the state. Together with Texas, Hawaii has a formal international diplomatic recognition as a nation.
Kingdom of Hawaii ? my sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by the US and European populations capitalists and landowners. Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was recognized as a US state on August 21, 1959.
First human settlement - Ancient Hawaiian ? i (800-1778)
Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest residence of the Hawaiian Islands around 300 BC, possibly by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands. The second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora occurred in the 11th century. The date of discovery and human residence in the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of an academic debate. Some archaeologists and historians think it is a recent wave of immigrants from Tahiti around 1000 AD which introduced a new line of high-ranking leaders, the kapu system, the practice of human sacrifice, and the development of the heiau . Recently, detailed immigration in Hawaiian mythology ( mo ? olelo ) about Pa ? ao. Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for the entry of Tahitian settlers and that Pa ? ao should be considered a myth.
The history of these islands is characterized by a slow and stable population growth as well as the size of the main countries, which grow to cover the whole island. Local leader, called ali ? i, governing their settlements, and launching wars to expand their influence and defend their communities from rival predators. Ancient Hawaii is a caste-based society, very similar to Hinduism in India.
European Arrival
It is possible that the Spanish explorer arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century - 200 years before documented visit of Captain James Cook in 1778. Ruy LÃÆ'³pez de Villalobos ordered a fleet of six ships leaving Acapulco in 1542 to the Philippines with Spanish sailor Juan Gaetano aboard as a pilot. Depending on its interpretation, Gaetano's report describes meeting with Hawaiian ? i or Marshall Islands. If the de Villalobos crew sees Hawaii ? i, Gaetano will be considered the first Europeans to see the islands. Some experts have dismissed this claim for lack of credibility.
The Spanish archive contains a chart depicting islands at the same latitude as Hawaii ? but with a longitude of ten degrees east of the islands. In this manuscript, the island of Maui is named La Desgraciada (Island of Malang), and what appears to be Hawaiian ? i The island is named La Mesa (The Table). The islands resembling Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai are named Los Monjes (The Monks). For two and a half centuries, Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific from Mexico along the route through southern Hawaii ? I am on their way to Manila. The exact route is kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing forces.
The arrival of 1778 English explorer James Cook was the first contact documented by European explorers with Hawaii. Cook named the islands as the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor, John Montagu, fourth Earl of Sandwich. Cook publishes the island's location and makes the original name as Owyhee . This spelling lives in Owyhee County, Idaho. It was named after three native Hawaiians from a group that traps the missing in the area. The Owyhee Mountains are also named for them.
Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands twice. As he prepared to leave after his second visit in 1779, there was an argument when Cook took the statue and temple fence as "firewood", and a small chief and his men took a boat. Cook kidnapped the Hawaiian King ? i Island, Kalani ? ? Pu ? u, and held him for a ransom on his boat to get Cook's boat back. This tactic works on Tahiti and other islands. On the contrary, Kalani ? ? Pu ? supporters u fight, kill Cook and four marines as Cook's party retreats along the coast to their ship. They left without a ship.
After Cook's visit and the publication of several books related to his voyage, the Hawaiian archipelago attracted many European visitors: explorers, merchants, and finally whalers, who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies. Early British influence can be seen in the design of the Hawaiian flag ? i, which carries Union Jack in the upper left corner. These visitors introduced the disease to islands that used to be isolated, causing the population of Hawaii to drop rapidly. The native Hawaiian tribe lacks resistance to Eurasian diseases, such as influenza, smallpox and measles. In 1820, illness, famine, and war among the leaders killed more than half the population of native Hawaiians. During the 1850s, measles killed one-fifth of the Hawaiians.
Historical records show the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaii originating from Guangdong Province; some sailors arrived in 1778 with the journey of Captain Cook and more arrived in 1789 with an American merchant, who settled in Hawaii at the end of the 18th century. It appears that leprosy was introduced by Chinese workers in 1830; like other new infectious diseases, it proved to be devastating for Hawaiians.
Kingdom of Hawaii ? i
Kamehameha House
During the 1780s, and 1790s, leaders often fought for power. After a series of battles ending in 1795, all inhabited islands were conquered under a ruler, later known as the Great Kamehameha King. He founded the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty ruling the empire until 1872.
After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians into Christianity. They use their influence to end many traditional practices of society. During the reign of King Kamehameha III, Hawai'i was transformed into a Christian monarchy by the signing of the 1840 Constitution. Hiram Bingham I, a prominent Protestant missionary, was a trusted advisor to the monarchy during this period. Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, causing conflict between the monarchy and the restless American subjects. Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom, but they changed a small part of the Native Hawaiian population. Missionaries from every major group were given to the leper colony at Kalaupapa in Moloka ? i, which was established in 1866 and operates well into the 20th century. The most famous are Father Damien and Mother Marianne Cope, both canonized at the beginning of the 21st century as Roman Catholic saints.
The death of King Bujang Kamehameha V - who did not mention a heir - resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kal? Kaua. Lunalilo died next year, also without mentioning a heir. In 1874, the election was opposed in the legislature between Kal? Kaua and Emma, ​​Queen Empress Kamehameha IV. After riots broke out, the United States and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order. King Kal? Kaua was elected king by the Legislative Assembly by votes 39 to 6 on February 12, 1874.
1887 Constitution and overthrow preparation
In 1887, Kal? Kaua was forced to sign the Royal Hawaiian Constitution of 1887. Drafir by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of most of his authority. This sets the qualifying property for a vote that effectively deprives most of the Hawaiians and immigrant workers and favored the wealthy white elite. White citizens are allowed to vote but the people of Asia do not. Since the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kal? Kaua, reduced to head of doll, ruled until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen Lili ? uokalani, replace it; he is the last king of Hawaiian ? i.
In 1893, Queen of Lili ? uokalani announces plans for a new constitution to proclaim himself an absolute king. On January 14, 1893, a group of business leaders and Euro-American citizens, most of whom formed the Security Committee to stage a coup against the monarchy and seek annexation by the United States. US Government Secretary John L. Stevens, in response to a request from the Security Committee, summoned a US Marine company. The Queen's warriors did not fight. According to historian William Russ, monarchs are unable to protect themselves.
Overthrow 1893 - Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898)
In January 1893, Queen of Lili ? uokalani was overthrown and replaced by a temporary administration made up of members of the Security Committee. Sanford B. Dole's lawyer, a Hawaii citizen, became President of the Republic when the Hawaii Provisional Government ended on July 4, 1894. Controversy occurred in later years when the Queen tried to regain her throne. The Presidential Administration of Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report, which concluded that the removal of Lili ? uokalani has been illegal. The US government first demands that Queen Lili ? uokalani was restored, but Provisional Government refused.
The Congress conducted an independent inquiry, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the Morgan Report, which found all parties, including Minister Stevens - with the exception of the Queen - "innocent" and was not responsible for the coup. Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both Blount and Morgan reporting events of 1893.
In 1993, the US Congress passed Resolution apology along with the overthrow; it was signed by President Bill Clinton. The resolution did not apologize and did not say the overthrow was illegal. It "recognizes that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian never let go to the United States their claims of sovereignty are attached to them as long as they are national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum ".
annexation - Territory of Hawaii (1898-1959)
After William McKinley won the US presidential election in 1896, supporters were urged to annex the Republic of Hawaii. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Lili ? uokalani. McKinley is open to persuasion by US expansionists and by the annexation expert from Hawai ? i. He met with three annexationists: Lorrin A. Thurston, Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney. After negotiations in June 1897, Foreign Minister John Sherman approved an annexation agreement with representatives of the Republic of Hawaii. The US Senate has never ratified the treaty. Despite the resistance of most of the natives of Hawaii, the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the United States; it became the Hawaiian Territory. The Newlands resolution was passed by Parliament on June 15, 1898, with 209 votes in favor of 91 opposing, and by the Senate on 6 July 1898, with a vote of 42 to 21.
In 1900, Hawaii was given self rule and retained ? Iolani Palace as a territorial DPR building. Despite several attempts to become a country, Hawaii remains a region for 60 years. Plantation owners and capitalists, who retain control through financial institutions such as the Big Five, find their territorial status convenient because they can still import cheap foreign labor. Such immigration practices and labor are banned in many states.
The Puerto Rico immigration to Hawaii began in 1899, when the Puerto Rican sugar industry was destroyed by two storms, causing a worldwide sugar shortage and huge demand for sugar from Hawaii. Hawaiian sugar cane planters started recruiting experienced and unemployed workers in Puerto Rico. Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii occurred in the 20th century. The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the 1965 Immigration and Citizenship Act, which removed national and racial barriers and significantly changed the demographic mix in the US.
O ? ahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. Attacks on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, by plane and submarine submarines, brought the United States into World War II.
Political changes of 1954 - The State of Hawaii (1959-present)
In the 1950s, the power of plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant workers, who were born in Hawaii and US citizens. They voted against the Republic of Hawaii, which is strongly supported by plantation owners. The new majority voted for the Democratic Party of Hawaii, which has dominated territorial and state politics for over 40 years. Wanting to get full representation in the Congress and Electoral College, citizens are actively campaigning for statehood. In Washington there is talk that Hawaii will be a Republican camp so it fits in with Alaska's recognition, seen as a Democrat stronghold. This prediction turned out to be inaccurate; Today, Hawaii elects the Democrats predominantly, while the Alaska Republic votes.
In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaii Acceptance Act, to which US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was signed into law. The action excludes Palmyra Atoll from statehood; it is part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii. On June 27, 1959, a referendum called on residents of Hawaii to vote on the state bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it. The referendum asks voters to choose between accepting the Act and leaving US territory. The UN Special Committee for Decolonization later removed Hawaii from a list of non-self-governing territories.
Upon reaching state status, Hawaii is rapidly modernized through the construction and rapidly growing tourism economy. Then, the state program promotes Hawaiian culture. The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 created institutions like the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous languages ​​and cultures.
Demographics
Population
After Europeans and mainlanders first arrived during the period of the Kingdom of Hawaii, the overall Hawaiian population, until then only composed of natives of Hawaii, fell dramatically. The native Hawaiians suffer from foreign diseases, declining from 300,000 in the 1770s, to 60,000 in the 1850s, to 24,000 in 1920. The Hawaiian population began to increase after the influx of most Asian settlers who arrived as migrant workers in the end. 19th century .
The unmodified populations of Hawaiian still have not recovered to its pre-contact 300,000 levels. In 2010, only 156,000 people claimed to be descendants of the original Grandmother of Hawaii, were just over half the pre-contact level of Hawaii's natives, although 371,000 others claimed to have a native Hawaiian ancestor in combination with one or more other races. (including other Polynesian groups, but mostly Asian and/or Caucasian).
The US Census Bureau estimates the population of Hawaii is 1,431,603 as of July 1, 2015; a 5.2% increase since the 2010 US Census.
By 2014, Hawaii has an estimated population of 1,431,603; an increase of 12,042 from the previous year and an increase of 71,302 (5.2%) since 2010. This includes a natural increase of 48,111 (96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to a net migration of 16,956 people to the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068; migration in the country resulted in a net loss of 13,112 people.
The population of Hawaii is located between the two islands of O'ahu and Moloka'i. A large number of Hawaiian natives have moved to Las Vegas, referred to as the "ninth island" of Hawaii.
Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1,4 Ã, million, in part because of a large number of military personnel and tourist residents. O'ahu is the most populous island; has the highest population density with a population of just under a million at 597 square miles (1.546 km 2 ), about 1,650 people per square mile. 1.4 of Hawaii Ã, million inhabitants, spread over 6,000 square miles (15,500 km 2 ) soil, yielding an average population density of 188.6 people per square mile. The country has a lower population density than Ohio and Illinois.
The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 was 79.8 years; 77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female - longer than the average age of other US countries. In 2011 the US military reported having 42,371 personnel on the islands.
Ancestor
According to the US Census 2010, Hawaii has a population of 1,360,301. Country population identified as 38.6% Asia; 24.7% White (22.7% Non-Hispanic White Alone); 23.6% of two or more races; 10.0% Original Hawaiian and other Pacific Islands; 8.9% Hispanic and Latino of any race; 1.6% Black or African American; 1.2% of some other races; and 0.3% Native American and Native Alaska.
Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans from any state. It is the only country in which Asians identify as the largest ethnic group. In 2011, 14.5% of births were white, non-Hispanic parents. The Hawaiian Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipinos, 185,000 (13.6%) Japanese Americans, about 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans, and 24,000 (1.8%) Americans Korea. There are more than 80,000 natives of Hawaii - 5.9% of the population. Including people with partial ancestors, American Samoa constitutes 2.8% of the population of Hawaii, and Tongan America is 0.6%.
More than 120,000 (8.8%) Hispanics and Latin Americans live in Hawaii. Mexican Americans number more than 35,000 (2.6%); Puerto Rico exceeds 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial America constitutes nearly 25% of Hawaii's population, exceeding 320,000 people. Eurasian America is a leading mixed race group, amounting to about 66,000 (4.9%). Non-Hispanic White Population amounts to about 310,000 - more than 20% of the population. The multi-racial population exceeds the non-Hispanic whites population of approximately 10,000 people. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported the Hawaiian population was 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islanders.
The five largest European ancestors in Hawaii are Germany (7.4%), Ireland (5.2%), UK (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%) and Italy (2.7%). About 82.2% of the country's population is born in the United States. About 75% of foreign residents are from Asia. Hawaii is a minority majority country. Expected to be one of three countries that will not have a non-Hispanic white plurality by 2014; the other two are California and New Mexico.
The third group of foreigners who arrived in Hawaii came from China. Chinese workers on Western merchant ships settled in Hawaii beginning in 1789. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach Western-style Hawaiian ways. By 2015, most of the Hawaiian population has Asian ancestors - mainly the Philippines, Japan, and China. Many descendants of immigrants were brought to work in sugarcane plantations in the mid-19th century. 153 first Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not approved by the Japanese government at that time because the contract was between the broker and the Tokugawa shogunate - later replaced by the Meiji Restoration. The first government-approved Japanese immigrant arrived on 9 February 1885, after Kal's petition? Kaua to Meiji Emperor when Kal? Kaua visited Japan in 1881.
Nearly 13,000 Portuguese migrants arrived in 1899; they also work in sugarcane plantations. In 1901, more than 5,000 Puerto Rican live in Hawaii.
Language
English and Hawaiian are listed as the official language of Hawaii in the 1978 state constitution, in Article XV, Section 4. However, the use of Hawaii is limited because the constitution provides that "Hawaii is required for acts and public transactions only if provided by law". Hawaiian ? i Creole English, locally referred to as "Pidgin", is the native language of many indigenous people and is a second language for many others.
At the 2000 Census, 73.4% of Hawaii residents aged five years and older exclusively speak English at home. According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaiian citizens over the age of five years are only English speakers at home. In their homes, 21.0% of citizens speak additional Asian languages, 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.6% speak another Indo-European language and 0.2% speak another language.
After English, another popular language used in the state is Tagalog, Japan, and Ilocano. A large number of European immigrants and their descendants also speak their native language; the most numerous are German, Portuguese, Italian and French. 5.4% of the population speaks Tagalog - which includes non-native Filipino speakers, national languages, co-official, Tagalog-based languages; 5.0% speak Japanese and 4.0% speak Ilocano; 1.2% speak Chinese, 1.7% speak Hawaiian; 1.7% speak Spanish; 1.6% speak Korean; and 1.0% speak samoa.
The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is QWERTY.
Hawaii
The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers, about 0.15% of the total population. According to the US Census, there are over 24,000 language speakers in Hawaii in 2006-2008. Hawaiian is a member of the Polynesian family of Austronesian languages. This is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as Marquesan, Tahiti, M? Ori, Rapa Nui (Easter Island language), and less close to Samoa and Tonga.
According to SchÃÆ'¼tz, the Marquesan people colonized the archipelago around 300 M and then followed by sailors wave from the Society Islands, Samoa, and Tonga.
These Polynesians remain on the islands; they eventually became Hawaiians and their language evolved into Hawaiian. Kimura and Wilson say, "[1] inguists agree that Hawaii is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with very strong links in Southern Marquesas, and secondary links in Tahiti, which can be explained by the voyage between Hawaii and the Society Islands." Prior to the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language lacked a written form. The form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826. They were assigned to the letter of the Hawaiian phoneme from the Latin alphabet.
Interest in Hawaii increased significantly at the end of the 20th century. With the help of the Hawaii Affairs Office, a specially designed immersion school where all subjects will be taught in Hawaii was established. The University of Hawaii develops the Hawaiian graduate study program. The municipal codes were changed to support Hawaiian road places and names for new civilian developments. Hawai'i Sign Language, a sign language for deaf-based Hawaiian language, has been used on islands since the early 1800s. The amount is reduced because American Sign Language replaces HSL through schools and other domains.
Hawaii distinguishes between long and short vocal sounds. In modern practice, long vowels are characterized by macron ( phlegm? ). The Hawaiian newspaper ( n? Pepa ) was published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional Hawaiian native speakers generally eliminated the signs in their own writing. ? okina and phlegm? intended to help people who are not native speakers. The Hawaiian language uses a glotal stop ( ? okina ) as a consonant. It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe's single quotes or left punctuation (opening).
Hawaiian Pidgin
Some Hawaiians speak Hawaiian ? i Creole English (HCE), endonimally called pidgin or pidgin English . The HCE lexicon mainly comes from English but also uses words from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano and Tagalog. During the 19th century, the increase in immigration - mainly from China, Japan, Portugal - mainly from the Azores and Madeira, and Spain - catalyzed the development of an English hybrid variant known by its speakers as pidgin. At the beginning of the 20th century, pidgin speakers had children who earned it as their first language. HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without words that are considered ancient. Most place names are stored from Hawaii, like some names for plants and animals. For example, tuna is often referred to by its Hawaiian name, ahi .
The HCE speaker has changed the meaning of some English words. For example, "aunts" and "uncles" may refer to any adult who is a friend or used to show respect to an elder. Syntax and grammar follow different rules from American General English. For example, instead of "hot today, is not it?", A HCE speaker would say "keep it hot, eh?" The term da kine is used as a filler; a substitute for almost any word or phrase. During the surf boom in Hawaii, HCE was influenced by surfer slang. Some HCE expressions, such as brah and da kine , have found their way elsewhere through the surfing community.
Religion
Christianity is the most widespread religion in Hawaii. It is primarily represented by various Protestants, Roman Catholics and Mormons. Buddhism is the second most popular religion, especially among the Japanese community of islands. Unaffilliated accounts for a quarter of the population.
The largest denomination by some adherents is the Roman Catholic Church with 249,619 followers in 2010 and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 68,128 followers in 2009. The third largest religious group includes all non-denominational churches, with 128 congregations and 32,000 members. The third largest denominational group is the United Church of Christ, with 115 congregations and 20,000 members. The Southern Baptist Convention has 108 congregations and 18,000 members in Hawaii.
According to data provided by religious institutions, religion in Hawaii in 2000 is distributed as follows:
The Pew poll found that the composition of religion is as follows:
Birth data
Note: Births in the tables do not increase, as Hispanic people are well-regarded by their ethnicities and by their race, giving a higher overall figure.
- 1) Up to 2016, data for Asian origin, including the birth of the Pacific Islands group.
2) Since 2016, Hispanic Hispanic data are not collected, but are included in a group of Hispanic ; Hispanic people may come from any race.
LGBT
Hawaii has a long history of strange identity. M? h? people, who often cross gender as defined by Western standards, are well-respected pre-colonization groups known in society as healers. Another Hawaiian word, aik? Ne , referring to same-sex relationships. According to a journal written by the Captain Cook crew, it is widely believed that many ali ? i engage in a aik relationship? Ne . Hawaiian scholar, Lilikal? Kame ? eleihiwa says, "If you do not sleep with a man, how can you trust him when you go to fight? How do you know if he will be a soldier who will protect you at all costs, if he is not your lover?"
A 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii has the largest proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) adults in the US, at 5.1%, comprising an adult LGBT population estimated at 53,966 people. The number of same-sex couples in 2010 was 3,239; an increase of 35.5% points from a decade earlier. In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth US state to legalize same-sex marriage; a University of Hawaii researcher said the law could boost tourism by $ 217 million.
Economy
Hawaii's economic history can be traced through a series of dominant industries; sandalwood, whaling, sugar cane, pineapple, military, tourism and education. Since the state in 1959, tourism has become the largest industry, accounting for 24.3% of gross country product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The gross output of the country for 2003 was US $ 47 Ã, billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 is US $ 54,516 . Hawaiian exports include food and clothing. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy, because of the distance of shipments to viable markets, such as the West Coast from the adjacent US. State food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugar cane and honey.
By weight, honeybees can be the most valuable exports in the state. According to the Agricultural Statistics Office of Hawaii, agricultural sales US $ 370.9 of million from agricultural diversification US $ 100,6 million from pineapple, and US $ 64,3 Ã, million from sugarcane. The relatively consistent Hawaii climate has attracted the seed industry, which is capable of testing three generations of crops per year on the islands, compared to one or two on land. The seeds produce US $ 264 million by 2012, supporting 1,400 workers.
By December 2015, the country's unemployment rate was 3.2%. In 2009, the US military spent $ 12.2 billion in Hawaii, accounting for 18% of the country's expenditure for the year. 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii. According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii has the fourth largest millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.2%.
Taxation
Hawaiians pay the most per person in state taxes in the United States. Millions of tourists pay public tax and hotel room taxes.
The Hawaii Tax Foundation considers the tax burden of the state too high, which is said to contribute to higher prices and the perception of a hostile business climate.
State Senator Sam Slom said state taxes were relatively higher than other states because the state government handled education, health care, and social services that were typically handled at the county or city level in most other states.
Cost of living
The cost of living in Hawaii, particularly Honolulu, is high compared to most cities in the US, although it is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in San Francisco. These figures may not take into account some of the costs, such as increased travel expenses for flights, additional shipping fees, and lost promotional participation opportunities for customers outside of the nearby US While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and certain other US territories.
Hawaiian Electric Industries, a private company, provides 95% of the country's population with electricity, mostly from fossil fuel power plants. The average electricity price in October 2014 (36.41 cents per kilowatt-hour) nearly tripled the national average (12.58 cents per kilowatt-hour) and 80% higher than the second highest state, Connecticut.
The average home value in Hawaii in the 2000 Census is US $ 272,700 , while the national median home value US $ 119.600 . Hawaiian home values ​​are the highest of all states, including California with an average home value of US $ 211,500 . Research from the National Association of Realtors puts the 2010 median sales price from a family home in Honolulu, Hawaii, for $ 607,600
and the average US sales price at US $ 173,200 . The selling price of a single family home in Hawaii was the highest in every US city in 2010, just above the Silicon Valley area of ​​California ( US $ 602.000 ).Hawaii's very high cost of living is the result of several interrelated factors of the global economy in addition to the US domestic government's trade policy. As with other desirable weather areas throughout the year, such as the regions of California, Arizona and Florida, Hawaii residents may be considered subject to "Sunlight tax". This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution leading to higher prices of goods due to increased shipping costs, a problem that many states and territories suffer as well. This situation is further exacerbated by what may be the largest contributor to the high cost of living in Hawaii, a US trade law known as the Jones Act, or the Merchant Sea Act of 1920. This trade regulation prohibits any foreign flags. ship from carrying cargo between two American ports - a practice known as cabotage. Most consumer goods in the United States are produced by outsourced workers in East Asia, then transported by container ships to ports on the US mainland, and Hawaii also receives the same items. Located in the central Pacific Ocean, right between the main Pacific cruise lines, it would be very economical to unload Hawaii-bound goods in Honolulu, before proceeding to the mainland. However, this will effectively make the second leg of the voyage between Hawaii and mainland domestic routes between two American ports. Since most large cargo ships operate under foreign "flag comforts" such as Liberia, Vanuatu or Papua New Guinea, allowing them to avoid more stringent regulations, and thus more expensive, ports of developed countries, the domestic travel of shipping will disallowed by the Jones Act. Instead, the cargo ships should head straight for the West Coast, where the distributors break up massively and transport Asian-made goods transported to Hawaii across the ocean by US-flagged ships and increase the travel length by more than 50%. This highly inefficient Hawaiian cargo delivery system brings enormous prices to the average Hawaiian citizen, and makes living costs in Hawaii much higher than it should be.
Consumers of Hawaii end up covering the cost of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act. This law makes Hawaii less competitive than the West Coast port as a shopping destination for tourists from countries with much higher taxes such as Japan, although prices for goods produced in Asia should be cheaper because Hawaii is much closer than the state - mainland to Asia.
Culture
The Hawaiian Aboriginal Culture is Polynesian. Hawaii is the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian Triangle in the south and center of the Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as a remnant in modern Hawaiian society, there is a re-appearance of ceremonies and traditions throughout the island. Some of these cultural influences, including popularity (in a highly modified form) of l? ? au and hula , strong enough to influence the wider United States.
Cuisine
Hawaiian cuisine is a blend of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesian and Native Hawaiian cuisines, and American, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Polynesian and Portuguese. Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural purposes in Hawaii. Poi , starch made with taro beat, is one of the island's traditional foods. Many local restaurants serve lunch dishes everywhere, serving two tablespoons of rice, a simple version of an American macaroni salad and various toppings including hamburger buns, fried eggs and gravy from loco moco , Japanese Style tonkatsu or traditional l? ? au favorites, including k? Lua pork and laulau . Mushroom Spam is an example of a blend of ethnic cuisine that flourishes on islands between a mixture of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed regional Hawaiian cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine.
Customs and etiquette
Some of the main habits and etiquettes in Hawaii are as follows: when visiting a house, it is considered good manners to bring small gifts to someone's host (eg, dessert). Thus, the party is usually in the form of potlucks. Most locals take off their shoes before entering the house. It is customary for Hawaiian families, regardless of ethnicity, to hold luau to celebrate a child's first birthday. It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings, especially at Filipino weddings, for brides to perform money dances (also called pandanggo). The print media and locals recommend that people refer to non-Hawaiians as "Hawaii locals" or "Hawaiians".
Hawaiian mythology
Hawaiian mythology consists of legends, historical tales, and the words of ancient Hawaiian people. It is considered a variant of the more common Polynesian mythology that developed a unique character for several centuries before around 1800. This is related to the Hawaiian religion, which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but survived. by some practitioners to modern day. Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua, ancestral spirits or family gods and K? Ne, the highest of the four major Hawaiian gods. Polynesian Mythology
Polynesian mythology is an oral tradition of Polynesian society, grouping the islands of the Central and Southern Islands of the Pacific Ocean in the Polynesian triangle together with a dispersed culture known as Polynesian outcasts. Polynesia speaks a language derived from a reconstructed language as Proto-Polynesian may be spoken in the area around Tonga and Samoa around the year 1000 BC.
Before the 15th century, the Polynesians migrated east to the Cook Islands, and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and Marquesas. Their descendants then discover the islands of Tahiti, Rapa Nui and then the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand.
The Polynesian language is part of the Austronesian language family. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be mutually understandable. There is also a great cultural similarity between different groups, especially in terms of social organization, childrearing, horticulture, building and textile technology. Their mythology specifically demonstrates the local reworking of the commonly shared tales. Polynesian cultures each have a different but related oral tradition; legends or myths have traditionally been considered to recount ancient history (time "p?") and the adventures of the gods ("atua") and the forefathers that were sanctified.
List of state parks
There are many Hawaiian state parks.
- Hawaiian island ? I have a state park, a recreation area, and a historic park.
- Kaua ? I have Ahukini State Recreation Jetty, six state parks, and Fort Elizabeth State Historic Park of Russia.
- Maui has two state monuments, several state parks, and Polipoli Spring Recreation Area. Moloka'i owns Pala'au State Park.
- O ? ahu has several state parks, a number of state recreation areas, and a number of monuments, including Ulu P? State Monument Heiau.
Literature
The Hawaiian literature is diverse and includes authors Kiana Davenport, Lois-Ann Yamanaka, and Kaui Hart Hemmings. Hawaii magazines include Hana Hou! , Hawaii Business Magazine and Honolulu , among others.
Music
Hawaiian music includes traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop. Hawaiian music donations to US music are not comparable to the size of a small country.
Styles like slack-key guitars are famous all over the world, while Hawaiian music is a frequent part of the Hollywood soundtrack. Hawaii also contributed greatly to country music with the introduction of the steel guitar.
Hawaiian traditional folk music is a major part of the country's musical heritage. The Hawaiians have been inhabiting the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largely religious, and includes singing and dance music.
Hawaiian music has a major influence on the music of other Polynesian islands; according to Peter Manuel, the influence of Hawaiian music is "a unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific music". Original Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereign activist Israel Kamakawiwo ole, best known for his medley of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World", was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by NPR in 2010 in 50 outstanding sound series.
Sports
Surfing has been a central part of Polynesian culture for centuries. Since the late 19th century, Hawaii has become a major site for surfers from all over the world. Famous competitions include Triple Crown of Surfing and The Eddie.
The only NCAA Division I team in Hawaii is Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine, competing in the Big West Conference (big sport), Mountain West Conference (football) and Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (small sport). There are three teams in the NCAA Division II: Chaminade Silverswords, Hawaii Pacific Sharks and Hawaii-Hilo Vulcan, all of which compete at the Western Pacific Conference.
Well-known college sporting events in Hawaii include Maui Invitation Tournament, Diamond Head Classic (basketball) and Hawaii Bowl (soccer).
Leading professional teams include The Hawaiians, who played in the World Football League in 1974 and 1975; Hawaii Islanders, a small league Triple-A baseball team playing in the Pacific Coast League from 1961 to 1987; and Tim Hawaii, the North American Football League team that played in 1977.
Hawaii has hosted the Sony Open golf tournament in Hawaii since 1965, golf tournament tournament Champions Tour since 1999, Lotte Championship golf tournament since 2012, Honolulu Marathon since 1973, triathlon World Ironman Championship since 1978, Ultraman triathlon since 1983, Pro Bowl National Football League from 1980 to 2016, FINA 2000 Open Water World Championships, and Pan-Pacific Championship 2008 and Hawaii Islands Invitational 2012 football tournament.
Tourism
Tourism is an important part of Hawaii's economy. In 2003, according to state government data, there were more than 6.4 million visitors, with spending over $ 10 billion, to the Hawaiian Islands. Due to the mild weather throughout the year, popular travel throughout the year. Vacation is the most popular time for outsiders to visit, especially in winter. A large number of Japanese tourists still visit the islands but have now been surpassed by Chinese and Koreans due to the collapse of the Yen and the weak Japanese economy. The average Japanese live only 5 days while other Asians spend more than 9.5 days and spend 25% more.
Hawaii hosts many cultural events. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hula competition. The International Film Festival Hawaii is a major film festival for Pacific cinema. Honolulu hosted a long-running LGBT film festival, the Rainbow Film Festival.
Health
In 2009, Hawaii's health care system guarantees 92% of the population. Under the state plan, businesses are required to provide insurance for employees who work more than twenty hours per week. Weighing insurance companies help reduce costs for entrepreneurs. Because most emphasis on preventive care, Hawaiians require hospitalization less frequently than other countries in the United States, while the total cost of health care as measured as a percentage of the country's GDP is much lower. Universal health care supporters elsewhere in the US sometimes use Hawaii as a model for the proposed federal and state health care plans.
Education
Public schools
Hawaii has the only US school system unified across the state. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen states of the Board of Education, which establishes policies and employs school inspectors, who oversee the state Department of Education. The Ministry of Education is divided into seven districts; four in O ? ahu and one for each of the other three districts. The main thought for centralization is to combat the gap between the population O ? ahu residents and rural Neighbor Islands, and between low-income and more affluent areas.
The primary, secondary and high school exam scores in Hawaii are below the national average on the tests mandated under the No Child Disadvantaged Act. The Hawaii Board of Education requires all students eligible to take this test and report all student exam scores. This may not balance the results reported in August 2005 that out of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed to achieve minimum federal performance standards in mathematics and reading. ACT college placement tests show that in 2005, seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared to 20.9), but in widely accepted SAT exams, college graduates enrolled in Hawaii tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics.
Private school
Hawaii has the highest private school attendance in the country. During the 2011-2012 school year, Hawaii public schools and charter have registration 181,213, while private schools have 37,695. Private schools educate more than 17% of students in Hawaii in that school year, almost three times the national average of about 6%. It has the four largest independent schools; ? Iolani School, Kamehameha Schools, Mid-Pacific Institute, and Punahou School. Academy B
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments