John Charles FrÃÆ'  © mont or Fremont (January 21, 1813 - July 13, 1890) was an American explorer, politician and soldier who, in 1856, became the first candidate of the Party Republic for the office of President of the United States. During the 1840s, when he led five expeditions to West America, penny that era and admired the historian who was given to Frà ©  © mont the sobriquet The Pathfinder .
During the Mexican-American War, Frà © Ã… © mont, a major in the US Army, took over California from the Republic of California in 1846. FrÃÆ'  © mont was convicted in court for rebelling and insubordination for the conflict of who became the Military Governor of California. After his sentence was alleviated and he was restored by President Polk, FrÃÆ'  © mont resigned from the Army. Frà © Ã… © mont led a fourth private expedition, which cost ten lives, searched for rail routes over the mountains around the 38th parallel in the winter of 1849. After that, Frà © chà © r was in California in Monterey when buying cheap land at the foot of the Sierra. When gold was found on his Mariposa farm, Pastor mont became a rich man during the California Gold Rush, but he soon stalled with lawsuits over land claims, between the lifting of various landowners during the Mexican-American War and the Forty-Niners blast immigrating during Rush. These cases were resolved by the US Supreme Court allowing Frà © Ã… © mont to maintain its properties. The fifth and final private expedition of Frà © ch mont between 1853 and 1854, surveyed routes for transcontinental trains. Frà © mont became one of two elected US senators from the new state of California in 1850. FrÃÆ'  © mont is the first presidential candidate of the new Republican Party, which brings most of the North. He lost the 1856 presidential election to Democrat James Buchanan when the Tahu-Nothings split votes and Democrats warned his election would lead to a civil war.
During the American Civil War, he was given command of the Western Department by President Abraham Lincoln. Although FrÃÆ' © mont succeeded during his brief tenure as Commander of the Western Army, he ran his department autocratically, and made a hasty decision without consulting Washington D.C. or President Lincoln. After the declaration of the emancipation of Frá Ã… © mont who freed slaves in his district, he was released from his orders by President Lincoln for his rebellion. In 1861, FrÃÆ'  © mont was the first Commander Union General recognized at Brigadier General Ulysses S. Giving "iron desire" to fight and promote him as commander at a strategic base near Cairo, Illinois. Defeating the Confederation in Springfield, Frà © Ã… © mont was the only Union General in the West that had Union wins for 1861. After a short tenure at the Department of the Mountain in 1862, FrÃÆ'  © mont lived in New York, retired from the Army in 1864. In the same year FrÃÆ'  © mont was a presidential candidate for the Radical Democratic Party, but he resigned before the election. After the Civil War, FrÃÆ' © mont's wealth declined after making a massive investment and purchasing the failed Pacific Railroad in 1866, and lost much of his fortune during Panic of 1873. FrÃÆ'  © mont served as Arizona Governor from 1878 to 1881 designated by President Rutherford B. Hayes. Frà © Ã… © mont, retired from politics and financially destitute, died in New York City in 1890.
Historians describe FrÃÆ'  © mont as controversial, impatient, and contradictory. Some experts consider him a military hero with significant achievements, while others see him as a failure that repeatedly defeats his own best. The keys to character and personality of Frà © mont is that he may be born unlawfully, his ambitious push for success, self-justification, and passive-aggressive behavior. The reports and maps of the Frenn mont resulting from his explorations significantly contributed to the massive emigration from ashore to the West beginning in the 1840s. At least three times, Frà © mont led his men in the massacre of non-hostile Native American villages. In June 1846, Frà © mont and the return of an army expedition to California, spurred the formation of the California Battalion, and his military advice led to the capture of Sonoma, and the creation of the Republic of the Bear Flag. Many people during his lifetime believed that his military tribunal by General Kearny in 1848 could not be justified. His biographer Allan Nevins in 1939 believes that Pastor mont run a dramatic lifestyle, one of remarkable success, and one of the grim failures.
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John Charles Frà © Ã… © mont was born on January 21, 1813, son of Charles FrÃÆ' © mon, a teacher of the French-Canadian immigrant school, and Anne Beverley Whiting, the youngest daughter of the Virginia Col. estate. Thomas Whiting is socially responsible. At the age of 17, Anne married Major John Pryor, a wealthy Richmond resident in his early 60s. In 1810, Pryor hired FrÃÆ' © mon to teach his young wife, Anne. Pryor meets Anne when she finds out she's having an affair with Father Mon. Anne and FrÃÆ' © mon escaped to Williamsburg on July 10, 1811, then settled in Norfolk, Virginia, carrying a household slave Anne had inherited. The couple then settled in Savannah, Georgia, where he gave birth to their son, Fremont from outside marriage. Pryor issued a divorce petition at Virginia Patriot, and alleged that his wife had been "for some time involved in a criminal relationship". When Virginia House of Delegates rejected Anne's divorce petition, it was impossible for the couple to marry. In Savannah, Anne picked up at the dorm while FrÃÆ' © mon taught French and danced. An enslaved woman in the household, Black Hannah, helped to raise young John.
On December 8, 1818, Frà © à © mont's father FrÃÆ' mon mon died in Norfolk, Virginia, leaving Anne a widow to care for John and several small children alone with a limited inheritance income. Anne and her family moved to Charleston, South Carolina. FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, knowing its origin and coming from a relatively simple way, grows with pride, quiet, aloof loners who despite self-discipline, are ready to prove themselves and do not want to play by the rules. Young Monton is considered "precious, handsome, and brave", has the ability to get protective. A lawyer, John W. Mitchell, was provided for the early education of Frà © m Montan in which Monton in May 1829 entered Charleston College, teaching at rural intervals, but was expelled for his irregular presence in 1831. The priest mont, however, based on mathematics and natural sciences.
Frà ©  © mont attracted the attention of renowned South Carolina politician, Joel R. Poinsett, a supporter of Andrew Jackson, who made sure Fremont as the inventor of mathematics aboard the USS Natchez, sailed to South America in 1833. FrÃÆ'  © mont resigned from the navy and was appointed as the second lieutenant in the US Topographic Corps, which researched routes for the Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati trains. Working in the mountains of Carolina, FrÃÆ'  © mont desirable to be an explorer. Between 1837 and 1838, FrÃÆ'  © mont's wishes for exploration increased temporarily in Georgia on reconnaissance to prepare for the abolition of the Cherokee Indians. When Poinsett became Secretary of War, he arranged Fremont to help explorer and eminent French scientist Joseph Nicollet explore the land between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. FrÃÆ'  © mont became the first level topographer, trained in astronomy, and geology, describing fauna, flora, soil, and water resources. Getting a valuable western border experience, Mons came with famous people including Henry Sibley, Joseph Renville, J.B. Faribault, ÃÆ' â € ° tienne Provost, and the Sioux nation. Maps John C. Frémont
Marriage and senatorial patronage
The exploration work FrÃÆ'Ã… © nont with Nicollet, made him in touch with Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri, the strong chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs. Benton invited Frà © mont to his home in Washington where he met the 16-year-old daughter of Benton, Jessie Benton. A romance flourished between the two, however, Benton initially opposed it because FrÃÆ'  © mont not considered top society. In 1841, Frà © mont (age 28) and Jesse eloped and married by a Catholic priest. At first Benton was furious at their marriage, but in due time, because he loved his daughter, he accepted their marriage and became protector of FrÃÆ' © mont. Benton, the leader of the Democratic Party for more than 30 years in the Senate, is fighting for an expansionist movement, a political cause known as Manifest Destiny. The expansionists believe that the continent of North America, from end to end, north and south, east and west, should belong to US citizens. They believe it is the destiny of the nation to control the continent. This movement became a crusade for politicians like Benton and his new son-in-law. Benton encouraged appropriation through Congress for a nationwide survey of the Oregon Trail, the Oregon State, the Great Valley, and the Sierra Nevada Mountains to California. Through his power and influence, Senator Benton gained for Frà © mont the leadership, funding, and protection of the three expeditions.
Exploration FrÃÆ' Â © mont
The opening of West America began in 1804 when President Thomas Jefferson, envisioning a Western kingdom, sent Lewis and Clark Expeditions (Meriwether Lewis and William Clark) to explore the new Louisiana Purchasing territory and to find the northwestern part up the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean and send Pike's expedition under Zebulon Pike to explore the southwest. British and American feather trappers, including Peter Skene Ogden and Jedediah Smith, roamed most of West America in the 1820s. The FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, later known as Pathfinder, continues this Western land exploration tradition, building on and adding to the work of previous tracers to expand the knowledge of the American West. Talent talent lies in scientific documentation, publications, and maps based on its expeditions, making West America accessible to many Americans. Beginning in 1842, FrÃÆ' © mont led the five western expeditions, however, between the third and fourth expeditions, Frà © cher's career took a decisive turn because of the Mexican-American War. Initial exploration of FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, his timely scientific reports, co-authored by his wife Jesse, and their romantic writing style, encouraged Americans to travel to the West. A series of seven maps generated from his findings, published by the Senate in 1846, serve as a guide for thousands of American emigrants, depicting the entire length of the Oregon Trail.
First expedition (1842)
When Nicollet was too ill to continue his further exploration, Father was chosen to be his successor. The first important expedition was planned by Benton, Senator Lewis Linn, and other Westerners interested in acquiring the Oregon Territory. The scientific expedition began in the summer of 1842 and explored the Wind River chain in the Rocky Mountains, examined the Oregon Trail through the Southern Pass, and reported on rivers, soil fertility, finding the optimal location for the castle, and the nature of the mountains outside in Wyoming. Coincidentally met, Frà © mont was able to get valuable help from the mountain man and guide Kit Carson. The font and party of 25 people, including Carson, departed from the Kansas River on June 15, 1842, following the Platte River to the South Pass, and from the Green River he explored the Wind River mountains. FrÃÆ'  © mont climbing a mountain as high as 13,745 feet, Peak Fremont, planting an American flag, claiming the Rocky Mountains and the West for the United States. On the return trip to Fremont, he and his entourage randomly irrigate the swollen Platte River for losing much of its equipment. His five-month exploration, however, was a success, returning to Washington in October. Frà © Ã… © and his wife Jesse wrote the Report of Exploration into the Rocky Mountains (1843), printed in newspapers throughout the country; the public embraces his vision of the west not as a place of danger but opens wide and invites the land to be completed. Second Second sponsorship (1843-1844)
The first expedition FrÃÆ'  © mont that successfully led quickly to second; began in the summer of 1843. A more ambitious goal this time was to chart and illustrate the second half of the Oregon Trail, finding an alternative route to the South Pass, pushing west toward the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia River in the Oregon Country. Frà © Ã… © mont and nearly 40 well-equipped men, left the Missouri River in May, after he controversially gained a 12-pound Howitzer cannon at St. Louis. FrÃÆ'  © mont invite Carson on his second expedition, due to his proven expertise, and he joins the feast of Frà ©  © mont on the Arkansas River. Unable to find a new route through Colorado to South Pass, Frà © mont headed for the usual Oregon Trail, passing through the main immigration section of 1843. The party stopped to explore the northern part of the Great Salt Lake, then traveled by Fort Hall and Fort Boise to mission Marcus Whitman, along the Snake River to the Columbia River and to Oregon. The durability, energy, and versatility of Frà © m the mechanic during the long journey was remarkable. Traveling west along Columbia, they came from the top of the Cascade Range and charted Mt. Helens and Mt. Hood. Reaching Dalles on November 5th, Pastor mont leave his party and go to British Fort Vancouver for supplies.
Instead of turning around and returning to St. Louis, the Pastor decided to explore the Great Basin between the Rockies and the Sierra and fulfill Benton's dream of getting the West for the United States. FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont and his entourage veered south along the eastern side of the Cascades through the territory of Oregon to the Lake of the Pyramids, which he named. Looping back east to stay on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada mountains, they veered south again as far as Minden now, Nevada, reaches the Carson River on January 18, 1844. From the immediate area that later became Virginia City, FrÃÆ' © mont bold, possibly stupid, turned west into the cold and snowy Sierra Nevada, becoming some of the first Americans to see Lake Tahoe. Carson managed to lead the Fremont mont party through a new leap over the tall Sierra, the montà © montà © named Carson Pass in his honor. Frà © mont and his party then down the American River Valley to Sutter's Fort (Spanish: Nueva Helvetia) in Sacramento, California in early March. Captain John Sutter, a German-American immigrant and founder of the castle, received Frà © à © mont gladly and reassembled his expeditionist party. While at Fort Sutter, the Pastor talked with the growing number of American settlers, and found that the Mexican authority over California was very weak.
Leaving Sutter's Fort, Frà © mont and his men heading south followed Smith's trail on the eastern edge of San Joaquin Valley until he bumped into the "Spanish Trail" between Los Angeles and Santa Fe, and headed east through Tehachapi Pass and now Las Vegas before getting back Smith's trail north through Utah and back to the South Pass. Exploring the Great Basin, Frà © á © mont verify that all lands (centered in modern Nevada between Reno and Salt Lake City) are endorheic, with no streams flowing towards the ocean. These findings contribute greatly to a better understanding of North American geography, and refute the old legend of the 'River Buenaventura' that flows out of the Great Basin in the Sierra Nevada. After exploring Lake Utah, Pastor mont travels through Pueblo until he reaches Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River. In August 1844, Frà © mont and his party finally arrived back at St. Louis, enthusiastically accepted by the people, ended a year-long journey. His wife, Jesse and Frà © m mont, returned to Washington, where the two wrote a second report, scientifically in detail, showing the Oregon Trail is not difficult to travel and that the Northwest has fertile soil. Senator Buchanan ordered the printing of 10,000 copies for use by settlers and the spirit of the popular movement of national expansion.
The third expedition (1845)
In the background of the upcoming war with Mexico, after James K. Polk was elected president, Benton quickly organized a third expedition for Frà © n mont. The plan for Frà © mont under the War Department is to survey the middle Rockies, the Great Salt Lake region, and parts of the Sierra Nevada. Back at St Louis Frà © mont conducted a survey of armed expeditions of 60 people, with Carson as a guide, and two prominent men, Joseph Walker and Alexander Godey. Working with Benton and Navy Secretary George Bancroft, Father Morris was secretly told that if the war started with Mexico he had to turn his scientific expedition into a military army. President Polk, who has met Pastor Montont at a cabinet meeting, is preparing to take on California. Pastor Montes wants to conquer California for its beauty and riches, and will then explain his highly controversial actions there.
On June 1, 1845, Frà © mont and his armed expedition party left St. Louis had a direct destination to find the source of the Arkansas River, on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont and his party strike west through Bent's Fort, The Great Salt Lake, and "Hastings Cut-Off". When montà © reached the Ogden River, that he changed his name to Humboldt, he divided his party into two to multiply his geographical information. Upon reaching the Arkansas River, Pastor mont suddenly made a smoldering trail through Nevada directly to California, after meeting with his men from a split party at Walker Lake near the Yosemite Valley.
Events in California and Oregon Country (1845-1846)
Bringing 16 people, Frà © n mont split his party again, arriving at Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley on December 9th. Fremont Father immediately tried to stir up the patriotic spirit among the American settlers there. He promised that if the war with Mexico began, its military power would protect the settlers. Frà © m mont went to Monterey, California, to speak to the American consul, Thomas O. Larkin, and Mexican commander Jose Castro, on the pretext of obtaining a fuller inventory. In February 1846, Frà © mont reunited with 45 men from his expedition party near the San Jose Mission, giving the United States a formidable military force in California. Castro and Mexican officials were suspicious of Frà © mont and he was ordered to leave the country. FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont and his men resigned and camped near the top of what is now called Fremont Peak. Headstrong and with much courage, Frà © mont raised the United States Flag deviating from the Mexican authorities. Playing for the time, after four days of deadlock and Castro has a larger number of Mexican troops, Frà © mont, and his men head north to Oregon, killing the Sacramento River along the way. They end up camping at Lake Klamath.
On May 8, FrÃÆ'  © mont was taken over by Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie of Washington, who gave him a copy of the mail he had previously given to Larkin. Gillespie told Monson's secret instructions from Benton and Buchanan that justified aggressive action and that a declaration of war with Mexico was imminent. On May 9, 1846, the Indians attacked his expedition party in retaliation for the numerous murders of the Indians perpetrated by the FrÃÆ' © mont people along the path. FrÃÆ'  © mont retaliated by attacking the fishing village of Indian Klamath named Dokdokwas the next day in the Klamath Lake massacre, although the people living there may not be involved in the first action. The village is at the intersection of the Williamson River and Lake Klamath. On May 12, 1846, the Fremont mont group completely destroyed it. Frà ©  © mont believe that Britain is responsible for arming and inducing the Indians to attack his party in America. After that, Carson was almost killed by a Klamath soldier. When Carson's gun shot out, the knight drew to fire a poisoned arrow; However, FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, seeing that Carson was in danger, trampled the soldiers with his horse. Carson felt that he owed his life. A few weeks later, FrÃÆ' © and the armed militia returned to California.
Mexican-American_War_ (1846-1848) "> Mexican-American War (1846-1848)"> Mexican-American War (1846-) The Mexican-American War (1846-8) 1848)
After re-entering into Mexican California heading south, Frà © mont and his troop expedition stopped at Peter Lassen's Ranch on May 24, 1846. Frà © char studied from Lassen that the USS
On June 24, Frà © Ã… © mont and his men drove Sonoma on June 25, after hearing that Californio (people of Spanish or Mexican descent) Juan N. Padilla had captured, tortured, killed and mutilated two Osos , and detain other Osos prisoners. On June 26, FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, his own men, Lieutenant Henry Ford and Osos detachment, totaling 125 people, traveled south to San Rafael, searching for Captain Joaquin de la Torre and his Californers Lancers, who were rumored to have been ordered by Castro. to attack Sonoma, but can not find it. On June 28, Kit Carson and Pastor were near San Rafael beach, when three unarmed Californios departed from rowboats, including Don José © Berreyesa and Haro's twin brother, Ramon and Francisco, son of Don Francisco de Haro. When Carson asked Frà © chio what to do with Californios, Father monten waved his hand and replied, "I do not have room for prisoners." Carson, who is 50 yards away, takes his gun and fires, instantly kills Ramon. His brother Francisco fell on the body of Ramon. An order was shouted, "Kill another bitch!" The shot was fired immediately killing Francisco. When Berreyesa asked why they were shot, Berreyesa was shot and killed instantly. The bodies were removed from their clothes and left lying on the beach. Son Berreyesa, Antonio, found an American wearing his father's serape. He asked Frà © mont to serape to be returned, but França refused. Antonio was forced to pay $ 25 for the garment.
Beginning on July 7, 1846, the USS Savannah and two warships, USS Cyane and USS Levant from the United States Navy, arrested Monterey. , California, and raised the flag of the United States. Commodore John D. Sloat, who heads the US Navy Pacific Force has announced the news and posted in English and Spanish: "... then California will be part of the United States." On July 10, FrÃÆ'Â © mont learned that the United States fought with Mexico and he fully cooperated with Commodore Sloat and his senior officer Robert F. Stockton. Promoted to the Commodore and replacing the ailing Sloat, Stockton was assigned to ground operations on July 23, 1846. Purnomo was appointed commander of the California Battalion, also called the US. Mounted Rifles , which he helped shape with survey crews and volunteers from the Republic of the Bear Flag, now numbering 428 people. Stockton put the California Battalion into the US military, giving them paid soldiers. FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont and about 160 of his troops went by ship to San Diego, and with Stockton marines took Los Angeles on August 13th. Fremont then went north to recruit more Californians into his battalion. In late 1846, under orders from Stockton, Fremont mont led a 300-person military expedition to capture Santa Barbara, California. In September, Mexican Mexicans who do not want to be ruled by the United States, under JosÃÆ'Â © MarÃÆ'a Flores, fight and retake Los Angeles, expel the Americans.
In December 1846, US Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny arrived in California having instructions to establish military control. Kearny, who did not know the war, mistakenly believed the war in California had ended, was attacked at the Battle of San Pasqual, but was reinforced when Stockton sent troops to oust Pio Pico and California Lancers. It was at this point that a dispute began between Stockton and Kearny who had control of the military, but both managed to work together to stop the Los Angeles uprising. Frà ©  © mont lead his unit through the Santa Ynez Mountains in San Marcos Running in a rain storm on the night of December 24, 1846. Despite the loss of many horses, mules and cannons, which slid down a muddy slope on a rainy night, his men rejoined at the foot of the hill behind what is now Rancho Del Ciervo) the next morning, and catch the presidio and town without any bloodshed. A few days later FrÃÆ' © mont led his troops southeastward to Los Angeles, strengthening Stockton and Kearny at the Battle of La Mesa, and receiving Pico's acceptance after signing the Cahuenga Agreement on January 13, 1847, ending the war in upper California. It was at this point that Kearny ordered Frà © Ã… © mont to join his military forces, but FrÃÆ'  © mont refused to believe that he was under the control of Stockton.
Trial and resignation
On January 16, 1847, Commodore Stockton appointed the California military governor Frà © mon after the Cahuenga Agreement, and subsequently left Los Angeles. Frà © m mont work for several weeks without controversy, but he has little money to perform his duties as governor. Previously, unknown Stockton and FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, the Department of the Navy has sent an order to Sloat and his successors to establish a military government over California. These orders, however, ordered Kearny to make military control over California, but Kearny did not have troop strength to enforce orders, relying on Battalion California Stockton and Frà ©  © mont. Kearny, a veteran of the War of 1812, was a jealous officer, a morose martyr who hated Fremont's rapid progress, popularity, and success, and was determined to embarrass him. On February 13, a special order sent from Washington via Commanding General Winfield Scott gave Kearny the authority to become a California military governor. Kearny, however, did not directly inform Frà © mont of this order from Scott. Kearny ordered the California Battalion of Fremont Washington to be registered with the US Army and monte sent his archives to California.
FrÃÆ' Â © mont delay this order hoping Washington will send instructions to FrÃÆ' Â © mont be a military governor. Also, the California Battalion refused to join the US Army. FrÃÆ'Â © mont gave the order for the California Battalion not to hand in a weapon, and went to Monterey to speak with Kearny, and told Kearny that he would obey orders. Kearny sent Colonel Richard B. Mason to Los Angeles, who would replace Kearny as California's military governor, to inspect troops and give further orders to Fremont. FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont and Mason somehow disagree with each other and FrÃÆ' Â © mont challenge Mason to duel. After setting to postpone the duel, Kearny rode to Los Angeles and refused Monsa's request to join forces in Mexico. Ordered to march with Kearny's forces back east, Father mont was arrested on August 22, 1847 when they arrived at Fort Leavenworth. He was charged with rebellion, command disobedience, power assumption, along with several other military offenses. Ordered by Kearny to report to a general's aide in Washington to run in military court, FrÃÆ' Â © mont be punished for rebelling, disobedience of a superior, and military mistake on January 31, 1848.
While approving a court ruling, President James K. Polk quickly changed the punishment of Frà © v monten who disrespected and returned him to the Army, due to his war service. Polk feels that Frà © à © mont guilty for disobeying orders and errors, but he does not believe FrÃÆ' © mont guilty for rebellion. In addition, Polk hopes to appease Thomas Hart Benton, a ruling father-in-law and Frà © mon mont-in-law who feel that FrÃÆ' © mont innocent. Frà © Ã… © mont, only getting partial pardon from Polk, resigned from his commission in protest and settled in California. Although the Frasse mont-war remains popular among American public.
The fourth expedition (1848-1849)
Intending to restore the reputation of honor and explorers after a military trial, in 1848, Frà © Ã… © mont and his father-in-law Senator Benton developed plans to advance their vision of Manifest Destiny. With interest in the potential of railroads, Senator Benton has sought support from the Senate for the railroad connecting St. Louis. Louis to San Francisco along the 38th parallel, the latitude of the two cities is roughly shared. After Benton failed to secure federal funding, FrÃÆ'  © mont secured private funding. In October 1848, he started with 35 men in rivers Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas to explore the plains. The artists and brothers Edward Kern and Richard Kern, and their brother Benjamin Kern, were part of the expedition, however, Frà © mont could not obtain the valuable service of Kit Carson as a guide as in previous expeditions.
At the party that reached Bent's Fort, he was strongly advised by most of the trappers not to continue the journey. Already one foot of snow was on the ground at Fort Bent, and winter in the mountains promised to snow. Part of the monten goal is to show that the 38th parallel railway will be practical throughout the year. In Fort Bent, he uses Uncle Dick Wootton as a guide, and in what is now Pueblo, Colorado, he hired the eccentric Old Bill Williams and went on his way.
If Father Mont was to continue with Arkansas, he might have succeeded. On November 25th in what is now Florence, Colorado, he turns sharply south. By the time the entourage crossed the Sangre de Cristo Range through the Mosca Pass, they had already experienced cold days, blinding snow and difficult journeys. Some parties, including Wootton's guide, have returned, concluding that further travel is impossible. Benjamin Kern and "Old Bill" Williams were killed while tracing the expedition to find equipment and survivors.
Although passing Sangre de Cristo has proven to be too steep for a railroad, FrÃÆ' Â © mont is pressed. From this point the party may still succeed if they go to the Rio Grande to the source, or go on a more northerly route, but the route they take takes them to the top of Mesa mountain. On December 12, at Boot Mountain, it took ninety minutes to advance three hundred yards. Mules began dying and on December 20, only 59 animals were alive.
Not until December 22, FrÃÆ'  © mont admit that the party needs to regroup and re-supplied. They started walking toward Taos in the New Mexico Region. By the time the last surviving member of the expedition reached Taos on February 12, 1849, 10 of the parties had died. Except for the efforts of Alexis Godey members, the other 15 will be lost. After recuperating in Taos, Frà © mont and only a few people who went to California through an established southern trading route.
Edward and Richard Kern joined J.H. Simpson's military surveillance expedition to Navajos in 1849, and gave the American public some of the most authentic initial graphic images of people and landscapes in Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Colorado; with views of Canyon de Chelly, Chaco Canyon and El Morro (Stone Inscription).
In 1850 FrÃÆ'Â © mont was awarded the Founder Medal by the Royal Geographical Society for his exploratory efforts.
Rancho Las Mariposas
On February 10, 1847, FrÃÆ'Â © mont bought seventy square miles of land in the foothills of the Sierra, called Las Mariposas, by land speculators Thomas Larkin, for $ 3,000. Las Mariposas was previously owned by Juan Bautista Alvarado, former governor of California, and his wife, Martina Caston de Alvarado. Father Monton hoped Las Mariposas was near San Francisco or Monterey, but was disappointed when he found out that it was further inland by Yosemite, in the hunt and pursuit of the Miwok Indians. After a military trial in 1848, Pastor moved to Las Mariposas and became a rancher, borrowing money from his father-in-law Benton and Senator John Dix to build houses, cages and warehouses. FrÃÆ'Â Â © mont ordered the sawmill and send it to the Aspinwall vapor Fredonia to Las Mariposas . FrÃÆ'Â © mont be told by Sonora Mexicans that gold has been found on his property. FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont is a rich man, a five-mile quartz vein producing hundreds of pounds of gold placer every month. In 1851 Hiland Hall, former Vermont governor, was appointed chairman of a federal commission made to complete a Mexican land certificate in California; he traveled to San Francisco to start his work, and his son-in-law Trenor W. Park went with him. FrÃÆ' Â © mont hire Park as a managing partner to oversee the day-to-day activities of plantations, and Mexican workers to launder gold on his property in exchange for a percentage of the profits. FrÃÆ' Â © mont acquired a vast land in San Francisco, and while developing his gold fields, he lived a rich lifestyle in Monterey.
Legal issues, however, soon increased over property rights and minerals. The dispute erupts when the squatters move to the mine of the Land belonging to Frà © monts Las Mariposas to mine gold. There is a question whether the three ground mining districts are public domain, while the Mining Company Merced is actively mining on the Monsoon property. Because Alvarado has purchased Las Mariposas on a "floating grant", the property boundaries are not exactly defined by the Mexican government. Alvarado's ownership of the land is legally opposed because Alvarado never actually settled on the property as required by Mexican law. All of this lasted and was argued in court for many years until the Supreme Court finally decided to support Frà © vu in 1856. Although the victory of the law of Frà © char allowed him to defend his wealth, it created a continuous sense of hostility among his neighbors.
US. Senator from California (1850-1851)
On 13 November 1849 General Bennet C. Riley, without Washington's consent, called for state elections to ratify the new constitution of the State of California. On December 20, the California legislature elected to place two Senators to represent the state in the Senate. The front runner is FrÃÆ'  © mont, a Free Land Democrat, known as a western hero, and is considered an innocent person as an unjustified trial victim. The other candidates are T. Butler King, a Whig, and William Gwin, a Democrat. FrÃÆ'  © mont won the first Senate seat, easily had 29 of 41 votes and Gwin, with Southern support, was elected to the second Senate seat, having won 24 of 41 votes. With a random draw from a straw, Gwin won a longer Senate tenure while Frà © m mont won a shorter Senate term. In Washington, FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, who is the owner of Mexico's rich Mexican land grant, Las Mariposis, supports laws that authorize Mexican lands, and laws that prevent foreign workers from having gold claims, mockingly called " Frà ©  ©  © mont's Gold Bill ". Pastor mont voted against harsh penalties for those who helped escape slaves and he supported the abolition of slave trade in the District of Columbia. The democratic pro-slavery opposition of the FrÃÆ'nà © mont, called Chivs, strongly opposes the re-election of FrÃÆ'  © mont, and supports Solomon Heydenfeldt. Rushing back to California hoping to raise Chivs, Pastor mont start his own election newspaper San Jose Daily Argus, however, to no avail, he can not get enough votes for re-election to the Senate. Neither Heydenfeldt, nor any other king of the King, was able to obtain a majority vote, allowing Gwin to be California's sole senator. Frà © m mont's lasted 175 days from 10 September 1850 to 3 March 1851 and served only 21 working days in Washington in the Senate. Pro slavery John B. Weller, backed by Chivs, was elected to the Senate one year later to replace Frà © mont.
The fifth expedition (1853-1854)
In the autumn of 1853, FrÃÆ' Â © mont started another expedition to identify a viable route for a cross-continental train along the 38th parallel. The party travels between Missouri and San Francisco, California, through a combination of known tracks and unexplored terrain. Its main purpose is to pass through the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains during the winter to document the amount of snow and the feasibility of the winter rails along the route. The photographer (daguerreotypist) is Solomon Nunes Carvalho.
FrÃÆ' © mont follow the Santa Fe Trail, pass Bent's Fort before heading west and enter the San Luis Valley of Colorado in December. The party then follows the Northern Branch of the Ancient Spanish Trail, crossed the Continental Divide at the Cochetopa Pass and continued west toward central Utah. But following the trail was made difficult by the snow cover. Sometimes, they could detect evidence of expedition Captain John Gunnison, who had followed the Northern Branch just a few months earlier.
Breathless snow and cold weeks engulf the victims and slow the progress. Unnecessary equipment was abandoned and one person died before a struggling party reached the Mormon Parowan settlement in southwest Utah on 8 February 1854. After spending two weeks in Parowan to regain its strength, the party continued across the Great Basin and entered the Owens Valley now Big Pine, California. Frà © mont then travels south and cross the Sierra Nevada Mountains and into the Kern River drainage, which follows west to the San Joaquin Valley.
Frà © Å © mont arrived in San Francisco on April 16, 1854. After completing the winter journey across the western mountains, Pastor is optimistic that the 38th Parallel train can live and winter travel along the lines will be possible through Rocky Mountains.
Republican Presidential Candidate (1856)
In 1856, Frà © mont (age 43) was the first new Republican presidential candidate. The Republicans, whose party was formed in 1854, united in their opposition to the Pierce Government and the spread of slavery to the West. Initially, FrÃÆ' © mont was asked to be a Democratic candidate by former Virginia Governor John B. Floyd and the ruling Preston family. FrÃÆ' © mont announces that he is for Free Soil Kansas and opposes the enactment of the 1800 Slave Fugitive Act. Republican leaders Nathaniel P. Banks, Henry Wilson, and John Bigelow succeeded in getting Frà © Ã… © mont to join their political party. Looking for a united front and a fresh face for the party, Republicans nominated Frà © à © mont for the President over other candidates, and conservative William L. Dayton of New Jersey, for the Vice President, at their June 1856 convention held in Philadelphia. The Republican campaign used the slogan "Free Land, Free Men, and FrÃÆ'  © mont" to the crusade for free farm (guesthouse) and against the Power of Slaves. FrÃÆ'  © mont, known as Pathfinder , however, has the appeal of voters and remains a symbol of the Republican Party. The Democrat Party nominated James Buchanan.
Wife Frà ©  © mont Jessie, Bigelow, and Issac Sherman run a campaign Frà ©  © mont. As the daughter of a Senator, Jessie grew up in Washington, and she understands politics more than Frà © mont. Many treat Jessie as an equal political professional, while Frà © chà © is treated as an amateur. She received more popular attention than the First Lady, and Republicans celebrated her participation in a campaign calling her
Frà © Ã… © mont, along with other presidential candidates, is not actively participating in the campaign, and he mostly lives in 56 West Street, in New York City. This practice is typical of the 19th century presidential campaign. To win the Presidency, Republicans concentrated on four swinging states, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Indiana, and Illinois. Republican figures were sent out denouncing the Democratic Party's attachment to slavery and his support for the lifting of the Missouri Compromise. The experienced Democrats, knowing Republican strategy, are also targeting these countries, running rough media campaigns, while illegally naturalizing thousands of foreign immigrants in Pennsylvania. The campaign was very rough, because Democrats attacked the unauthorized birth of FrÃÆ'  © mont and alleged Frà © mont is Catholic. In a counter-war against the Republic, Democrats criticized military records FrÃÆ'  © mont and warned that victory by FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont would bring a civil war.
The Frà © m mont campaign is headquartered near his home (St. George) next to the Clifton ferry landing. Many campaigns are held in the yard, now the corner of Greenfield and Bay Street. Frà ©  © mont beaten, having occupied second place for James Buchanan in a three-way election; he did not bring the state of California. FrÃÆ'  © mont received 114 electoral votes up to 174 votes received by Buchanan. Millard Fillmore ran as a third-party candidate representing the American Party. The general election went to Buchanan which received 1,836,072 votes for 1,342,345 votes received by FrÃÆ'  © mont on November 4, 1856. Fremont carries 11 states, and Buchanan carries 19. The Democratic Party is better organized while the Republic must operate with limited funds. After the campaign, FrÃÆ'  © mont returned to California and devoted herself to her mining business on the Mariposa gold plantation, estimated by some to be valued at ten million dollars. The title FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont to the land of Mariposa was confirmed by the US Supreme Court in 1856.
American Civil War
At the beginning of the Civil War, Frà © m mont toured Europe in an attempt to locate financial supporters in his California Las Mariposas farm. President Abraham Lincoln wanted to appoint Frà © mont as American minister to France, thus taking advantage of his French ancestors and popularity in Europe from his anti-slavery position. But Secretary of State William Henry Seward objected to the radicalism of FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, and the appointment was not made. Instead, Lincoln appointed FrÃÆ' © m Union Army Major General on May 15, 1861, who arrived in Boston from England on June 27, 1861. Lincoln promoted him as Commander of the Western Department on July 1, 1861. The Western Department entered the western area of ​​the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River. After Fremont Mont arrived at Washington D.C, he conferred with Lincoln and Commander General Winfield Scott, he made plans to clear all Confederates from Missouri and to make a general campaign in Mississippi and advance in Memphis. According to Fremont, Lincoln had given him carte blanche authority on how to campaign and use his own judgment, while speaking on the steps of the White House porch. The main objective of FrÃÆ' © mont as Commander of the Western Army is to protect Cairo, Illinois by all means in order for the Union Armed Forces to move south on the Mississippi River. Both FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont and his subordinates, General John Pope, believe that Ulysses S. Grant was the general necessary to secure Missouri from the Confederacy. FrÃÆ'  © mont have to contend with General Nathaniel Lyon, whose irregular war policy disturbs the loyalty of the Missouri complex.
West Department (1861)
Commands and tasks
On July 25, 1861, FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont arrived at St. Louis and officially take over the Western Command's command which is in crisis. Frà © Ã… © mont forty-eight years old, is considered gray and handsome. He brought a great reputation as "Pathfinder of the West", for his topographical service for eleven years, and he focused on riding Confederate troops from Missouri. FrÃÆ'  © mont have to organize troops in a largely unfaithful slave state, possessing a limited number of troops, supplies, and Union weapons. Guerrilla warfare has broken and two Confederate soldiers are planning to capture Springfield and attack Illinois to capture Cairo. Frà © chu's duties of taking over the Western Department's command were broad, his resources limited, and the crisis of secession in Missouri seemed out of control. FrÃÆ'  © mont is responsible for keeping Missouri and all Northwest. The mission of Frà © mont is to organize, equip, and lead the Union Army on the Mississippi River, reopen trade, and decide the Western Confederate. FrÃÆ'  © mont given only 23,000 men, whose 3 month volunteers will be over soon. Western governors send more troops to Frà © monz, but he does not have any weapons to arm them. There were no uniforms or military equipment, and the soldiers were subjected to rationing of food, poor transportation, and lack of payment. Fremont's intelligence is also wrong, making him believe Missouri state militias and Confederate forces are twice as many as they actually are.
Arguments and allegations of Blair's corruption
The arrival of Frà © mont brought the aristocratic air that raised the eyebrows and general disapproval of St. Louis. As soon as the plump Fremont came to command, he became involved in political feuds with Frank Blair, a member of the powerful Blair family, and brother of a Lincoln cabinet member. To master Missouri's politics, Blair complained to Washington that FrÃÆ' © mont was "wasteful" and that his command was full of "pirate hordes" that deceived soldiers. This led Lincoln to send Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas to check in at FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont, who reported back that FrÃÆ'  mont was incompetent and had made army purchases questionable. Confusion became a national scandal, and FrÃÆ'  © mont not able to handle supply affairs. A Congressional subcommittee investigation led by Elihu B. Washburne and the investigation of the War's Investigation Commission throughout the Western Department, confirmed that many of Blair's allegations were true.
FrÃÆ'  © mont run its headquarters in St. Louis in a way that has been described as "like a European autocrat". Perhaps it was because of a visit to France before his appointment by President Lincoln. FrÃÆ'  © mont has rented a luxury home for $ 6,000 a year, paid for by the government, and surrounded it with Hungarian and Italian guards in a rough uniform. FrÃÆ'  © mont also makes a guard of the headquarters of 300 Kentucky men, selected for their uniform physical attributes. FrÃÆ'  © mont has surrounded itself with California colleagues who make huge profits by securing army contracts without competitive offerings, as required by federal law. One California contracted for the construction of 38 mortar ships for $ 8,250, almost double the price they paid. Another Californian, who was a personal friend of Frà © mont, but had no construction experience, received a contract worth $ 191,000 to build a series of forts, a price that should cost a third less. Favorite seller FrÃÆ'  © mont receives the "most outstanding contracts" for rail cars, horses, mules, tents, and other equipment, mostly ugly quality. A rumor spread in Washington that Pastor is planning to start his own republic or empire in the West. The supply line FrÃÆ'  © mont, headed by Major Justus McKinstry, is also under graft and profiteering. Biographer Frà © Ã… © mont, Nevins stresses that most of the Fremont problems stem from the fact that the newly formed West Department is devoid of organizational, war materials, and trained recruits, while waste and corruption are endemic to the Lincoln Lincoln Secret Secretary of the War Department.
Springfield Confederation Photoshoot
Earlier in May, a loud and patient Army Team captain, Nathaniel Lyon, who exercised irregular authority, led troops captured by a Missouri state militia lawyer who was camped on the outskirts of Saint Louis; during the arrest, civilians were killed. Missouri has not formally seceded from the Union when Lyon was promoted to brigadier general by President Abraham Lincoln and appointed a temporary commander of the Western Department. Lyon, who believes a show of force will defend Missouri in the Union, effectively declared war on the corrupt-minded Missouri governor Claiborne Jackson, who was driven by Lyon to the Ozarks. Lyon occupied Jefferson City, the state capital, and installed a pro-Union state government. However, Lyon was trapped in Springfield with only 6,000 people (including Union Colonel Franz Sigel and his German corps). The main concern for Frà © Ã… © mont, after he took command, was the protection of Cairo, the Union-occupied city on the Mississippi River, which is crucial for the security of the Western Armed Forces war effort. It contains too few troops to defend itself from Confederate attacks. Compared to the Confederacy, the FrÃÆ'  © mont troops were disbanded and disorganized. Frà © Ã… © mont ordered Lyon to withdraw from Springfield and fall back to Rolla, while Frà © mont personally sent a reinforcing force to Cairo rather than to Lyon, who had asked for more troops. FrÃÆ' © mont believe with some accuracy that the Confederate plans to attack Cairo. Lyon, however, hastily chose to attack the Sterling Confederate General Price at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, rather than retreat. During the battle of Lyon shot in the heart and died instantly. When the Union line broke out, similar to the first Bull Run Battle in the east, the Confederate won the battle and captured Springfield opening Western Missouri for the advancement of the Confederacy. Frà © à © mont was severely criticized for his defeat and because of Lyon's death, after sending troops to strengthen Cairo, rather than helping Lyon troops destroyed 10 miles south of Springfield.
Response to Confederate threat
Responding to the best he can for the Confederation and the threats of state militia, FrÃÆ'  © mont lift up volunteer troops, buy weapons and open market equipment, and send his wife Jessie to Washington D.C., where he lobbied President Lincoln for more reinforcements. While leading the Western Department, Frà © Ã… © mont was looking for a brigadier general to lead the post in Cairo. At first monte would appoint John Pope, but on the recommendation of Major McKinstry, he interviewed the unobtrusive Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant. Grant had a reputation as a "drifter and drinker" in the Old Army, but FrÃÆ'  © mont see Grant independently using his own judgment. FrÃÆ' © mont concludes that Grant is "a simple character that is not given for self-joy, of persistent perseverance, of iron desire". Pastor Monte chose Grant and appointed him the postal commander of Cairo in October 1861. Grant was sent to Ironton, with 3,000 untrained troops, to stop a potential Confederate attack led by Confederate General William J. Hardee. Soon after, Fremont sent Grant to Jefferson City, to stay safe from potential attacks by Confederate General Price a week after the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Grant controlled the situation in Jefferson City, drilled and disciplined troops, increased supply lines, and deployed troops in the suburbs. The town was safe because Price and his troops, who were beaten out of the Battle of Wilson's Creek, retreated.
With Price Retreat, Frà © mont becomes more aggressive and goes on the offensive. Father mont know the key to victory in the West is to seize control of the Mississippi River for Union forces. FrÃÆ'  © mont decided to meet the General Confederation Leonidas Polk to control the luggage of Mississippi. In a turning point of the Civil War, on 27 August 1861 Frà ©  © mont gave orders to Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the Union's joint attack whose purpose was to capture Memphis, Vicksburg and New Orleans, to keep Missouri and Illinois stay safe. from the Confederate attack. On August 30, Grant took over the Union Army in Mississippi. With Monson's approval, Grant went on to arrest Paducah, Kentucky, without firing a shot, after Polk violated Kentucky's neutrality and had arrested Columbus. The result is that the Kentucky legislature voted to remain in the Union.
Recaptured Springfield
Wanting to regain the upper hand and make up for Union losses at the Battle of Wilson's Creek and the occupation of Lexington, FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont and about 40,000 troops set out to regain Springfield. On October 25, 1861, the FrÃÆ' Â © mont troop, led by Major Charles Zagonyi, won the First Battle in Springfield. This was the first and only Union victory in the West for 1861. On November 1, Fremont's mechanic ordered Grant to stage a demonstration against Belmont, a steamboat landing across the river from Columbus, in an attempt to push the Confederate Confederate Price from Missouri. Grant had asked to attack Columbus, but FrÃÆ' Â © mont had dismissed Grant's initiative.
Emancipation edition controversy
Frà © Å © mont is under increasing pressure for decisive action, because the Confederacy controls half of Missouri, Confederate forces under Price and McCulloch remain ready to attack, and rebel insurgents cause chaos, cut rail cars, telegraph lines, burn bridges , invaded the farm, and attacked the Union post. Confederate sympathies in stronger slave retention districts need to be reduced or broken down. The Confederate War caused thousands of Union supporters to take refuge, no money, in Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. Radicals in his camp and his wife, Jessie, urged Frà © Å © mont to free the confederate supporters of Confederate supporters. They argue that these people are rebellious and no longer protected by the Constitution, and it is lawful to confiscate the property of the rebels, including their slaves.
So, on the morning of August 30, 1861, at dawn, the Pastor, without informing President Lincoln, issued a proclamation that placed Missouri under martial law. The decree states that the civilians being attacked will be subject to military tribunals and executions, that those who assist separatists will be confiscated, and that slaves of all rebels are immediately released. This last clause raises many concerns. Kentucky is still "neutral", and Unionis there is concerned that Frà © char's actions will affect his opinion there towards secession. One group in Louisville telegram to President Abraham Lincoln
- "No day is lost in denying emancipation or Kentucky has passed the factory dams."
Lincoln, afraid that emancipation orders Frà © m mont will change Missouri (and other Border States) to break away, ask FrÃÆ'  © mont to revise the order. FrÃÆ'  © mont refuses to do so, and sends his wife to defend his case. President Lincoln told Jessie that the Pastor "should never have dragged the Negro into the war". When FrÃÆ' © mont remained suspended, Lincoln publicly revoked the emancipation clause of the proclamation on 11 September. Allied hunting FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont's attacked Lincoln for this, creating more bad feelings. Meanwhile, the War Department compiled a report on the fault of Frà © mon mont as commander in Missouri. These included the arrest of Frank Blair, who ended the FrÃÆ'n © mont alliance with the Blair family, who had supported him for the presidential nomination in 1856.
Finally Lincoln decided Frà © mont had to leave. He issued an order to remove Frà © mont from the Western Department's command, which was handed over to him by Lincoln's friend Leonard Swett on November 2nd. Lincoln's actions prompted much hostility among Radical Republicans throughout the North, even from old friends like Senator Orville Browning. Lincoln himself then personally expressed his sympathy for Frà © chà ©, noting that the first reformers in some areas were often overstepped and failed, but he continued to insist that FrÃÆ'Ã… © mont had exceeded his authority and jeopardized the Union's goals. Mountain Village (1862) <> Mountain Department (1862)
After being dismissed by Lincoln, Pastor Montan leaves Springfield and returns to St. Louis. Louis. Outside Frà © mont mont express the joy of freedom from care duties, but in Frà © mont fascinated angry believe that Republicans ran the war incompetent and that the Blairs, acting under the sinister motive, is responsible for what he believed to be the dismissal of Lincoln's unwarranted. More humiliation is followed, Garda Zagonyi FrÃÆ' © mont is compiled from Angk
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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