John Nash (January 18, 1752 - May 13, 1835) was an English architect responsible for many layouts of the District of London under the protection of Prince Regent, and during his reign as George IV. Nash is also a pioneer in the use of Images in architecture. The most famous buildings are the Royal Pavilion, Brighton, and Buckingham Palace (though the facade overlooking The Mall is an early 20th century renovation by Aston Webb of the 1850s wing by Edward Blore, and therefore not Nash's). Many of the buildings were built by property developer James Burton, who also lent financial help when he was having financial problems during his project at Regent Street. In return, Nash promotes the careers of Burton's son, Decimus Burton, who helped him with some of his designs and later became a famous architect in his own right.
Video John Nash (architect)
Biography
Background and start of career
Nash was born in 1752 in Lambeth, south London, son of a millwright of Wales also called John (1714-1772). From 1766 or 67, John Nash was trained with architect Sir Robert Taylor; The internship was completed in 1775 or 1776.
On April 28, 1775, at St. Now Mary Newington, now married, Nash married his first wife, Jane Elizabeth Kerr, daughter of a surgeon. Initially he seems to have pursued a career as a surveyor, builder and carpenter. This gives him an income of around £ 300 per year. The couple set up a house in Royal Row Lambeth. He founded his own architectural practice in 1777 and worked with timber merchant Richard Heaviside. The couple had two children, both baptized in St. Mary-at-Lambeth, John on June 9, 1776 and Hugh on April 28, 1778.
In June 1778 "Due to his bad behavior his wife finds it necessary to send him to Wales to work for reformation on him", the cause of this seems to be the claim that Jane Nash "has imposed two false children on him as his own, even though he never had children, "and she has contracted some debts her husband did not know, including a bill for milliners of £ 300. Claims that Jane had faked her pregnancy and then passed the babies she got because hers was brought to court at the Consistory in London.
His wife was sent to Aberavon to stay with Nash Ann Morgan's cousin, but he developed a relationship with a local man Charles Charles. In the reconciliation effort Jane returned to London in June 1779, but she continued to act excessively so that she sent him to another cousin, Thomas Edwards of Neath. She gave birth just after Christmas, and acknowledged Charles Charles as a father. In 1781 Nash instigated an act against Jane for a separation on the basis of adultery. The case was tried at Hereford in 1782, Charles found guilty of not being able to pay compensation of  £ 76 and then died in prison. The divorce was finally read on January 26, 1787.
His career was initially unsuccessful and short-lived. After inheriting Ã,  £ 1,000 in 1778 from his uncle Thomas, he invested money in building his first known independent work, 15-17 Bloomsbury Square and 66-71 Great Russell Street in Bloomsbury. However, the property was unsuccessful and he was declared bankrupt on September 30, 1783. His debts amounted to  £ 5,000, including  £ 2,000 lent by Robert Adam and his siblings.
A blue plaque commemorating Nash was placed at 66 Great Russell Street by English Heritage in 2013.
Welsh Interrupt
Nash left London in 1784 to live in Carmarthen, where his mother retired, his family came from the area. In 1785 he and a local man Samuel Simon Saxon rebuilt the city's church for 600 Guineas. Nash and Saxon seem to have worked as building contractors and building material suppliers. The Nash building in London is a standard Georgian rooftop house, and in Wales he became an architect. His first major work in the area was the first of the three prisons he was planning to design, Carmarthen 1789-92, the prison was planned by prison reformer John Howard and Nash to develop this into the completed building. He went on to design a prison at Cardigan (1791-96) and Hereford (1792-96). In Hereford, Nash meets Richard Payne Knight, whose theories of beautiful as well as architecture and landscape will affect Nash. The commission for Hereford Gaol came after the death of William Blackburn, who had designed the building, Nash's design was accepted after James Wyatt approved of the draft.
In 1789 St. David's Cathedral suffered structural problems, the west front was leaning forward with one leg, Nash was called to survey the structure and developed a plan to save the building, the solution was completed in 1791 was to smash the upper part of the facade and rebuild it with two large flying buttresses but not awkward.
In 1790 Nash met with Uvedale Price, whose theory of the Picturesque will have a major influence in the future against Nash's city planning. In the short run, Price will commission Nash to design Castle House Aberystwyth (1795). The plan is an upright triangle, with an octagonal tower in every corner, located on the edge of the sea. This marks a new and more imaginative approach to designing in Nash's work.
One of Nash's most important developments was a series of medium-sized rural houses he designed in Wales, developing a villa design from his teacher, Sir Robert Taylor. Most of these villas consist of a square floor plan with a small entrance hall with a staircase balanced in the center to one side, surrounded by the main room, then there is a less prominent Employee's place on the wing attached to one side. from the villa. Buildings usually only have two floors, the height of the main block is usually symmetrical. One of the best of these villas is Llanerchaeron, at least a dozen villas designed throughout south Wales. Others, in Pembrokeshire, including Ffynone, were built for the Colby family at Boncath near Manordeifi, and Foley House, built for attorney Richard Foley (brother of Admiral Sir Thomas Foley) at Goat Street in Haverfordwest.
He met Humphry Repton in Stoke Edith in 1792 and formed a successful partnership with landscape garden designers. One of their early commissions was at the Corsham Court in 1795-96. The couple will collaborate to carefully place the building that Nash designed on the land designed by Repton. The partnership ended in 1800 under allegations, Repton accused Nash of exploiting their partnership for his own benefit.
When Nash developed his architectural practice, it became necessary to employ the draughtsmen, the first in the early 1790s was Augustus Charles Pugin, then a little later in 1795 John Adey Repton's son Humphry.
In 1796, Nash spent most of his time working in London, this was a prelude to returning to the capital in 1797.
Return to London
In June 1797, he moved to 28 Dover Street, a building of his own design. He built a larger house next to 29, where he moved the following year. Nash married Mary Ann Bradley, 25, on December 17, 1798 at St. George's, Hanover Square. In 1798, he bought a plot of 30 acres (12 acres) in East Cowes where he founded 1798-1802 East Cowes Castle as his residence. It was the first of a series of beautiful Gothic palaces that he would design.
Nash's last home in London is the No.1 Regent Street he designed and built 1819-23, No. 16 was built at the same time as Nash's cousin John Edwards, a lawyer who handled Nash's legal affairs. Located on Lower Regent Street, near Waterloo Place, the two houses form a single design around an open courtyard. Nash's drawing office is on the ground floor, on the first floor is the best room in the house, a photo gallery and a 70-foot statue; it connects the living room in the front of the building with the dining room at the back. The house was sold in 1834 and the interior of the gallery was moved to East Cowes Castle.
The best of a dozen of the country house that Nash designed as a beautiful palace including the relatively small Luscombe Castle Devon (1800-04), Ravensworth Castle (Tyne and Wear) beginning in 1807 finally completed in 1846, is one of Nash's largest houses , Caerhays Castle in Cornwall (1808-10), Shanbally Castle, County Tipperary (1818-1819) are the last of these forts to be built. These buildings represent Nash's ongoing development of asymmetrical and beautiful architectural styles, which have begun during his years in Wales, at Castle House Aberystwyth and his changes to Hafod Uchtryd. This process will be extended by Nash in the building planning group, the first example being Blaise Hamlet (1810-1811); there are a group of nine asymmetric huts placed around a green village. Nikolaus Pevsner describes the village as the "ultra ne/ul movement of the Picturesque movement". This hamlet has also been described as an example of a truly realized garden. Nash developed the asymmetry of his castles in his Italian villas; His first training was Cronkhill (1802), others included Sandridge Park (1805) and Southborough Place, Surbiton, (1808).
He suggested working for the buildings of Jesus College, Oxford in 1815, where he did not need a fee but requested that the college should assign his portrait of Sir Thomas Lawrence to hang in the lecture hall.
Architects to Prince Regent
Nash was a dedicated Whig and was a friend of Charles James Fox to whom Nash might have come to the attention of Prince Regent (later King George IV). In 1806 Nash was appointed architect to the General of Woods, Forests, Parks, and Chases Surveyors. From 1810 Nash will take very little personal commission and for the rest of his career he will mostly work for the Prince.
His first major commission in (1809-1826) of Prince was Regent Street and the development of an area later known as Marylebone Park. With the Bupati's support, Nash created a master plan for the area, enacted from 1818 onwards, extending from St James to the north and including Regent Street, Regent's Park (1809-1832) and adjacent streets, terraces and crescents from an elegant city. houses and villas. Nash did not design all the buildings themselves; in some cases, these were left in the hands of other architects such as James Pennethorne and young Decimus Burton. Nash went on to landscape back St James's Park (1814-1827), reshaping the formal canal into this lake, and giving the park its present form. The characteristic of Nash's plan for Regent Street is that it follows an irregular path connecting Portland Place to the north with Carlton House, London (replaced by Nash's Carlton House Terrace (1827-1833)) to the south. At the northern end of Portland Place Nash designs Park Crescent, London (1812) & amp; (1819-1821), it opens into Nash's Park Square, London (1823-24), it has only a terrace on the east and west, north open to the Regent Garden.
The terraces that Nash designed around Regent's garden though fit the previous shape that emerged as a single building, as developed by John Wood, Elder, unlike the previous example set in the park and not orthogonal in placing one another. This is part of the development of Nash's planning, this is the most extreme example when he established Park Village East and Park Village West (1823-34) north east of Regent's Park, here a mix of separate, semi- detached, symmetrical and asymmetrical Their designs are set in private gardens railing off the street, street loops and classic and gothic-style buildings. No two buildings are the same, and or even parallel to their neighbors. The village garden can be seen as a prototype for Victoria's suburbs.
Nash was employed by the Prince from 1815 to develop the Marine Pavilion in Brighton, originally designed by Henry Holland. By 1822 Nash had completed his work at the Marine Pavilion, which now turned into the Royal Pavilion. Its exterior is based on Mughal architecture, giving its exotic exterior, Chinoiserie-style interior largely by Frederick Crace.
Nash is also the director of the Bupati Channel Company established in 1812 to provide a canal connection from west London to the River Thames in the east. Nash's master plan is reserved for the canal to walk around the northern edge of the Regent's Garden; like other projects, he left the execution to one of his assistants, in this case James Morgan. The first phase of the Canal Regent was completed in 1816 and finally completed in 1820.
Together with Robert Smirke and Sir John Soane, he became the official architect for the Office of Works in 1813, (appointment ending in 1832) at a salary of Ã, £ 500 per year, after the death of September of that year James Wyatt, this marked a high point in his professional life. As part of Nash's new position, he was invited to advise the Parliamentary Commissioners on the construction of new churches from 1818 onwards. Nash produced ten church designs, each estimated at around £ 10,000 with seating for 2,000 people, classic and gothic building styles. In the end Nash only built two churches for the Commission, the classic All Souls Church, Langham Place (1822-24) ends the northern end of Regent Street, and Gothic St. Mary's Haggerston (1825-27), was bombed during The Blitz in 1941.
Nash was involved in the design of two theaters in London, both at Haymarket. The King's Opera House (now rebuilt as Her Majesty's Theater) (1816-1818) where he and George Repton renovate the theater, with arcades and shops around three sides of the building, the fourth is the Royal Opera Arcade that still survives.
The other theater is the Royal Haymarket Theater (1821), with Corinthian-style hexagonal streaks, still surviving, facing Charles II to St. James, Nash's surviving household (the interior now dates from 1904).
In 1820, a scandal broke out, when a cartoon was published showing a semi-clad King George IV hugged Nash's wife with a bubble of speech coming from the mouth of the King containing the words "I am very happy to visit this part of my power." Whether this is based on rumors posed by those who hate Nash's success or if there is substance behind is unknown.
Furthermore the London commission for Nash was followed, including the renovation of the Buckingham House to create Buckingham Palace (1825-1830), and for the Royal Mews (1822-24) and Marble Arch (1828). This arch was originally designed as a triumphal arch for standing. at the entrance to Buckingham Palace. It was moved when the eastern wing of the palace designed by Edward Blore was built, at the request of Queen Victoria whose family grew in need of additional domestic space. Marble Arch is the entrance to Hyde Park and The Great Exhibition.
Relationship with Decimus Burton
Many of Nash's buildings were built by property developer James Burton, who also lent financial help when he was having financial problems during his project at Regent Street. In return, Nash promotes the career of Burton's son, Decimus Burton, who helps him with some of his designs. Nash was appointed architectural 'overseer' for the Decimus Regent Park project: Cornwall Terrace, York Terraces, Chester Terraces, Clarence Terraces, and Inner Circle villas, including The Holme. However, to Nash's dismay, Decimus largely ignored his advice and developed the Terraces in his own style, as far as Nash searched for demolition and completed the rebuilding of Chester Terrace, but in vain. Decimus also emerged as a dominant force in Carlton House Terrace design.
Retirement and death
Nash's career effectively ended with the death of George IV in 1830. The famous King's luxuries have generated much resentment and Nash is now unattended. The Treasury Department began to look closely at the cost of Buckingham Palace. Nash's original estimate of the cost of the building was £ 252,690, but this has increased to Ã, £ 496,169 in 1829 the actual cost is Ã, Â £ 613,269 and the building is still unfinished. This controversy ensures that Nash will not receive any more official commissions or he will be given the Knights that other contemporary architects such as Jeffry Wyattville, John Soane and Robert Smirke are accepted. Nash retired to the Isle of Wight to his home, East Cowes Castle.
On March 28, 1835 Nash was described as "very bad and fainted". This is the beginning of the end. On May 1, Nash's lawyer John Wittet Lyon was summoned to East Cowes Castle to complete his wish. On May 6 he was described as 'very sick all day', he died at his home on May 13, 1835. His funeral took place at St. James, East Cowes on May 20, where he is buried in the church yard, where the monument takes the form of stone sarcophagus.
His widow acted to remove Nash's debt (around £ 15,000), he held a sale of Castle contents, including three paintings by JMW Turner painted on the Isle of Wight, two by Benjamin West and several copies of old master paintings by Richard Evans.. The artwork was sold at Christie's on July 11, 1835 for Ã, £ 1,061. His books, medals, drawings and carvings were bought by a book dealer called Evans for £ 1,423 on July 15th. The castle itself sold for $ 20,000 to Henry Boyle, the third Earl of Shannon in this year.
Nash's widow retired on a property Nash inherited to her in Hampstead where she lived until her death in 1851; she is buried with her husband on the Isle of Wight.
Maps John Nash (architect)
Assistant and student
Nash had many disciples and assistants including Decimus Burton, the sons of Humphry Repton, John Adey Repton and George Stanley Repton, and Anthony Salvin, John Foulon (1772-1842), Augustus Charles Pugin, FH Greenway, James Morgan, James Pennethorne, brother Henry, James, and George Pain.
Work
Working in London
Jobs in London include:
- Park Crescent, London (1806, 1819-21)
- Carlton House, change, destroyed
- Southborough House, 14 Ashcombe Avenue, Southborough, Surbiton (1808)
- Southborough Lodge, 16 Ashcombe Avenue, Southborough, Surbiton (1808)
- 18 Ashcombe Avenue, Southborough, Surbiton (1808) Summer house Southborough House
- Regent Street (1809-1826) was rebuilt
- The Regent's Channel (1811-1820)
- The Royal Lodge (1811-20) was later overhauled by Sir Jeffry Wyattville
- Carlton House, London renovated some interiors, (1812-14) destroyed 1825 to make way for Nash's Carlton House Terraces
- Trafalgar Square (1813-30) was completely redesigned by Sir Charles Barry
- The Rotunda, Woolwich (1814; re-established 1820)
- The King's Opera House, Haymarket on Her Majesty's Theater site The Royal Opera Arcade is the only piece still standing (1816-18)
- Waterloo Place (1816) was rebuilt
- The County Fire Department (1819) was rebuilt
- Piccadilly Circus (1820) was rebuilt
- Suffolk Place, Haymarket (1820)
- Haymarket Theater (1820-21)
- 14-16 Regent Street (Nash's own house) (1820-21)
- York Gate (1821)
- The Church of All Souls, Langham Place (1822-25)
- Hanover Terrace (1822)
- Royal Mews (1822-24)
- Sussex Place (1822-23)
- Albany Terrace, London (1823)
- Park Square, London (1823-24)
- Park Village East & amp; West (1823-34)
- Cambridge Terrace (1824)
- Beautiful King's Road (1824)
- Ulster Terrace (1824)
- Buckingham Palace is the state and western front rooms (1825-30), since it is extensively extended by James Pennethorne, Edward Blore & amp; Aston Webb
- Clarence House (1825-27)
- Cumberland Terrace (1826)
- The former United Services Club Pall Mall is now the Institute of Directors (1826-28)
- Gloucester Terrace (1827)
- Marble Arch (1828)
- 430-449 Strand (1830)
With Decimus Burton
- Bupati Park (1809-32)
- The York Terrace (1822)
- Chester Terrace (1825)
- Cornwall Terrace
- Clarence Terrace
- Carlton House Terrace (1827-1833)
- St. James's Park (1814-27)
Perubahan yang dibuat oleh John Nash ke jalan-jalan London didokumentasikan dalam film, "John Nash dan London", menampilkan Edmund N. Bacon dan berdasarkan bagian dari bukunya Desain Kota.
Bekerja di Inggris di luar London
- Blaise Castle, penambahan, termasuk konservatori dan berbagai bangunan di halaman, dairy, gerbang rumah dll (1795-c.1806)
- Pengadilan Kentchurch, Pontrilas (c.1795)
- Hereford Gaol (1796)
- Corsham Court, pekerjaan remodelling, hanya front timurnya yang selamat, (1796-1813)
- Grovelands Park, Enfield, Middlesex (1797)
- Atcham, beberapa rumah di desa (1797)
- Attingham Park, galeri foto baru dan tangga, dengan interior lebih lanjut, dan pondok-pondok masuk (c1797-1808)
- East Cowes Castle di Isle of Wight (1798-1802) - rumahnya sampai kematiannya pada 1835, menghancurkan tahun 1960.
- Sundridge Park, Sundridge, London, (1799)
- Taman Chalfont, Chalfont St Peter, dibangun ulang (1799-1800)
- Helmingham Hall, pekerjaan modernisasi (1800-1803)
- Kastil Luscombe (1800-1804)
- Cronkhill, dekat Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Vila Italianate pertama di Inggris. (1802)
- Longner Hall, Atcham, remodelling dan ekstensi (1803)
- Nunwell House, Nunwell Isle of Wight (1805-07)
- Sandridge Park (1805)
- Pengadilan Witley (1805-06)
- Market House Chichester (1807)
- Kastil Ravensworth (1808)
- Kastil Caerhays, Cornwall (1808)
- Ingestre Hall (1808-1813) dibangun kembali pada abad ke-19
- Blaise Hamlet, Bristol (1810-11)
- Guildhall Newport, Isle of Wight (1814)
- pembangunan kembali Paviliun Kerajaan di Brighton (1815-1822)
Bekerja di Wales
Nash's only known work in Scotland is:
- St. Mary's Isle, Kirkcudbright, a cage around the family tomb (1796)
See also
- Brighton and Hove building and architecture
Note
References
- Davis, Terence, (1966) John Nash Architect of the Bupati's Prince , Village Life
- Mansbridge, Michael (1991) John Nash Full catalog , Phaidon Press
- Port M.H. (2006) Six Hundred New Churches: Church Building Commission 1818-1856 , 2nd Ed, Yale University Press; ISBN 978-1-904965-08-4
- Suggett, Richard (1995) The Architects of John Nash in Wales , the Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments and the History of Wales; ISBNÃ, 1-871184-16-9
- Summerson, John (1980) The Life and Work of Architects John Nash , George Allen & amp; Unwin; ISBN: 0-04-720021-9
- Tyack, Geoffrey (Ed) (2013) Architect John Nash of the Picturesque , English Heritage; ISBN 978-1-84802-102-0
- Major and Murden "A Georgia Hero: A Charming Life from Rachel Charlotte Williams Biggs"
External links
- Ã, "Nash, John". New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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