Towing connect two or more objects simultaneously so that it can be pulled by the designated resource or resource. The source of the crane can be a motor vehicle, ship, animal, or human, whatever load can be withdrawn. These can be combined with chain, string, crossbar, hitch, three-point, fifth wheel, clutch, drawbar, integrated platform, or other ways to keep objects together while moving.
Towing may be as simple as a tractor pulling a tree stump. The most recognizable form of transportation is a vehicle that is defective or unhealthy by a tow truck or "cruiser". Other familiar forms are a combination of tractor-trailer, and cargo or recreational vehicles that are combined via ball or pintle and gudgeon trailer-hitches to smaller trucks and cars. In the opposite extreme is a very heavy heavy-duty tank recovery vehicle, and large ballast tractors are involved in heavy towing loads stretching up to millions of pounds.
Supposedly, government and industry standards have been developed for operators, lighting and couplings to ensure the safety and interoperability of towing equipment.
Historically, barges are transported along rivers or canals using crane ropes drawn by men or animal designs running along towpaths in banks. Then came a chain boat. Today, tugboats are used for larger maneuvers and boats. For thousands of years the maritime industry has been transformed into a science.
The planes also attract each other. The troops and cargo carrying the gliders were towed behind a powerful aircraft, which remains a popular means to get a modern leisure glider.
Video Towing
Jenis trailer
This section refers to a towing device carrying a load behind a truck or car.
Most snippets go into one of three categories:
- Small trailers attached to cars and small trucks (SUVs, minivans, etc.):
- Small closed trailer is completely enclosed by four sides and roof. These types of trailers are generally used to carry livestock as they protect the contents of the weather. People also rent out this type of trailer to move boxes, furniture, and other materials.
- The boat trailers are used specifically to pull boats. This type of trailer is designed to facilitate loading in and out of water and purchased based on the type and style of the special boat they will carry. They are open trailers specially shaped to hold and secure boats, but because of this specialization, they are a unique category.
- Recreational vehicles (RVs) are utility vehicles or vans that are often equipped with living facilities. While some are self-propelled (integrated truck chassis), many are designed as trailers to be attached to trailer hitches. These trailer hitches are commonly found behind many cars and trucks, and RV trailers are typically used for camping trips or road trips. In the United Kingdom, the RV caravan is known as a caravan.
- Trailers are designed to be transported in a "tractor-trailer" (18-wheel) configuration, which comes in many configurations:
- Flat bed or open trailer, which is a platform with no sides or stakes. This type of trailer works well to transport large or unusual objects. Some are small enough to be pulled in the back of the car.
- Cup trailer, which is a trailer designed to contain liquids such as milk, water, or motor fuel.
- Container trailers are standard intermodal "squares" that can be equipped with a dolly (truck wheel) and a front stand; they can then be used in a standard tractor-trailer combination. Containers are also piled on ships and used as carriages of railway cars.
- Unwrapped tractor-trailer boxes are also fairly common, and work like containers, above, but often with stands and dolly permanently integrated into the box.
- Trailers for special applications that may require special vehicles, such as agricultural tractors; military trucks, tanks, or personnel carriers; or an enormous "big rig". Untractive car trains drawn behind a locomotive can also be considered in this category.
Maps Towing
Security puller
There are many security considerations for pulling trailer caravans or trailers/trips starting with the capacity of the vehicle crane and starting through the equalizer brace to connect precisely and legally the safety chain.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Association of the United States, more than 65,000 accidents involving passenger vehicle towing trailers occurred in 2004 in the US, jumping nearly 20 percent from a year earlier.
In 2006, Master Lock conducted their annual study of crane safety to see how many Americans are pulling their cargo correctly. Research, Towing Problems includes responses from trailer owners across the country and finds that although most trailer owners believe they know what they do when dealing, most do not have a decent education. Master Lock reports that 70 percent of trailer owners do not fully know the correct way to tow their cargo.
One important factor in the crane safety is the weight of the tongue , the weight supported by the trailer on the crane barrier. Inadequate tongue weights can cause the trailer to sway back and forth when coupled. Too much tongue weight can cause problems with a tow truck.
Towbar Cable
Specialty-vehicles
Of the many cars equipped with towbars, most likely have a towed electric pull from the car. This electrical installation is commonly called 'By-pass electrics'. This system is used to protect the car lighting system from potential damage if the wiring in the trailer does not work. This is a system that is tried and tested in a very wide use. Bypass systems are found both in "universal" (non-vehicle-specific) systems and in specialized systems and OEMs.
Since the early 2000s, vehicle technology has moved forward introducing CANbus network systems that allow for different system interactions, as well as the detection of trailers or caravans. In some cases, manufacturers not only design cars to feel the presence of trailers, but they have also created enhanced new features in systems that connect to the network. This actually makes it important that this particular vehicle can "see" the trailer or caravan. Some of these new features for security and stability, but mostly just fun things like turning off fog lights and parking sensors automatically. The main new security feature, appearing now in some cars, is the Trailer Stability Program which automatically turns on when a trailer is detected on the network through a special sensor.
Some of the sophisticated systems introduced in certain vehicles, which can utilize detecting the presence of trailers are: path change assistants, electronic brakes, adaptive cruise control, suspension systems (ASS), electronic machines, engine cooling systems, parking aids, and reversing cameras.
The TSP or Stability Trailer Program is one feature that has been added to multiple vehicles, to help improve the action of 'shaking' a trailer. With such advanced technology, some braking systems have even evolved further by being operated electronically, without the need for hydraulics. Braking can become more controlled with faster braking efficiency when withdrawn. Some suspension systems can now detect trailers and allow for higher withdrawal adjustments when the load is applied to the pull barrier. The ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control) system is intended to 'detect' a trailer to create greater braking distances between vehicles. It may be considered unwise to bypass such trailer vehicle detection systems as these vehicles may be designed to behave in different ways when a trailer is installed.
Some manufacturers install in-vehicle embedded connectors (Ford, Volvo) to receive specially designed towing modules, or have designed the trailer to be 'detected' via a direct connection to the databus (VAG, BMW). With such connections, the vehicle will know when the trailer plug is connected to the socket.
On vehicles that do not have safety features that depend on vehicles that feel the presence of trailers, cutting systems, installed properly by experts, are highly efficient and cost-effective alternatives to expensive OEMs and other specialty kits. All bypass devices will be the type approved for use on vehicles (check sign (e)). They have a built-in advantage that completely isolates the trailer from the vehicle lighting system, thus protecting against damage to the car caused by failure in the trailer cable. However, some manufacturers do not recommend connections to be made on exploiting lighting.
Universal by-pass electronics
This system is used to protect the car lighting system from potential damage if the wiring in the trailer does not work. This is a system that is tried and tested in a very wide use. Bypass systems are found both in "universal" (non-vehicle-dedicated) systems and in specialized systems and OEMs. This works by taking a small current signal from the vehicle's lighting fixture to trigger the relay and send the power supply directly to the towing socket. It does not communicate with the vehicle and will not activate the safety or comfort system. It has the built-in advantage of isolating the trailer cable from it from the towing vehicle and thereby preventing overloading of the vehicle's own lighting which may be the minimum cable gauge. Connection to this harness will cause damage if solder or crimp connector is used! However, the by-pass system must protect the car's electrical module from damage if the cable has a trailer hitch failure. It is not recommended for use in cars that rely on trailer sensing presence to enable safety features related to towing in the car. (See Trailer Stability Program). In addition, there are a number of vehicle manufacturers who do not recommend or completely prohibit any connections made from vehicle lighting fixtures.
12N, 12S or 13-pin socket
12N is the designation for an older 7-pin lighting socket that complies with ISO 1724, used when pulling only trailers or caravans (without the need to fill or refrigerator functions). In the UK it has all the rear light functions on the vehicle except the opposite. The socket is not waterproof and suffers from a "burn-out pin" when worn.
12S is an additional 7-pin socket that complies with ISO 3732, mainly used when pulling the caravan. It consists of a 12v permanent power supply, and usually a 12 v power supply switch to refrigerator (UK). It also contains a feed for the backlight in the caravan.
ISO 11446 is a new standard 13-pin socket mounted for all UK caravan and new trailers sold from 2009 onwards. These can be connected with the same functions as 12N and 12S sockets, or only with lighting functions including the reverse (required on all trailers and caravans from October 2012). The socket has been designed to be waterproof, easy to install/release (twist operation), the same size as a 12N socket (ideal for removable towbars as unobtrusive), and with good quality terminals that avoid burnout pins or voltage failures.
Stability Trailer Program (TSP)
Another advancement in trailer safety is the development of the Trailer Stability Program, which is built into some of the current Electronic Stability Control systems in motor vehicles. The system can detect "snaking" from trailers or caravans and eliminate them by braking individual wheels, reducing engine torque and slowing down vehicles. It is important to note that TSP activation typically requires a special vehicle wire loom to be installed.
Pulling capacity
Capacity holder is a measure that depicts the upper limit of the vehicle trailer's retractable weight and can be expressed in pounds or kilograms. Some countries require signs indicating the maximum trailer weight (and in some cases, length) attached to trucks and buses close to couplings.
For cars and light trucks, towing is done through a trailer hitch. In addition to vehicle limits, the hitch assembly may have its own limits, including the weight of the tongue (the amount of weight pressing down on the hitch) and the weight of the trailer (full weight of the trailer, including the contents). When a hitch is a factory option, the obstruction capacity is usually expressed in vehicle documentation as a towing specification, and not marked on the vehicle.
See also
- Gross combined weight value
- Gross snippet weight rating
- Gross weight rating
The carrying capacity may refer to the crushed or non-crushed towing capacity.
Capacity of braked towing
The braked towing capacity is the towing capacity of the vehicle if the retractable trailer has its own braking system, usually connected to the vehicle braking system via trailer cable. The braked towing capacity is usually much larger than the towing capacity that is not plowed.
Non-flooded towing capacity
The non-flooded towing capacity is the pulling capacity of vehicles that attract trailers that do not have their own braking system.
Type hitch puller
There are many forms of crank barriers, including ball hitch, tow bar, pintle and lunette ring, three dots, fifth wheels, coupling, and drawbar, among others.
Tow-ball is popular for lighter loads, allowing easy playback and articulation of trailers. Pin tow and jaws with trailer loops are often used for large vehicles or farms where slack in pin pivot allows the same movement. Pintle and lunette is a very heavy task used in construction and military.
In the case of towing designed to carry another vehicle, there is a more special kind, which is described directly below.
Withdrawal of vehicle
Towing cars and trucks is a unique form, with an industry dedicated to it. The special type of "tow truck" vehicle is most commonly used. Some of them are flatbed, with hydraulic tilt beds and cranes and dolls to place the car behind the bed and pull it onto the bed. Others have special boom shocks rather than flatbeds, which will lift one end of the car and allow it to ride the rest of the tire; they instead have similar equipment to flatbeds and positions and do a lot of things like them. In other cases, a special vehicle dolly may be attached to a standard vehicle obstruction; for example, some moving vehicle rental companies, such as U-Haul, will rent this doll for one-way transportation.
Hitch tow trucks are mostly sized for cars and light trucks. Larger versions, with long, weighted bodies and heavy-duty engines, transmissions, and hooks, can be used to attract defective buses, truck trucks, or large trucks. Artificial size and weighting should be designed to withstand the greater weight of the towed vehicle, which may return the tow truck backwards.
When many cars are to be transported, rather than using a special vehicle, a special trailer can be used instead, attached to a standard tractor truck or other large vehicle. These "carriers" often take cars from the factory to dealers. They usually have two levels each holding 3-5 cars, ramps to move the car from the ground to the same level, and hook/chain ties and mounts to secure the car for transportation. Their beds, at every level, may have channels or tracks to guide loading and maintain transport stability further.
A towing vehicle can be done for the following reasons:
- Withdrawal of defective or defective cars at owner's request (most common form)
- Withdrawal of a car by a government authority or its agent, for being disabled and/or left on public roads
- Drag the car as a long-haul shipment, such as when the owner moves to a new location, rather than driving a car
- Ownership of the car by the lender
- As part of vehicle confiscation by government agencies for offenses involving questionable vehicles, such as unpaid parking or mobile violations ("tickets")
Shipping
Requests for services are placed to the shipping center. Some towing services communicate with drivers using wireless telephone equipment. Elsewhere, the shipping center contacts tow truck drivers available via cellular radio or by sending text messages using mobile data terminals. The latest technologies include the use of GPS and onboard wireless equipment to transmit the driver through an LCD screen receiver.
Some smaller towing companies, especially clothing owners of single truck operators, may have only one phone and answering device for their "shipping center". Increasingly, this will only be the phone for the operator on duty, or perhaps the main phone number for the related mechanic, which will then send the truck from the store or contact the operator's mobile phone.
The delivery network exists for geographic car clubs, such as the British Royal Automobile Club, the American Automobile Association, and the Canadian Automobile Association. The organization is primarily contracted with many local tow truck operators (although they have their own fleet in some areas). The clubs will resend requests from the club's shipping center to the local carrier's delivery lane, which, as above, can be the actual delivery center for larger tower cranes, or simple business phone lines or cellular lines for smaller carriers. The club's delivery center will usually handle any required follow-up on behalf of the customer, so they will not need to track multiple delivery levels.
Sita and storage
Many crane companies can keep vehicles that have been damaged or seized by police agencies. In such circumstances, the police agency notifies the contract towing operator to secure the vehicle and pull it into storage. Crane companies will sometimes block access to vehicles until the law states that the owner can claim (usually after a fine is paid). Some local governments operate their own towing and confiscate a lot, and do not require a contract provider.
Almost all crane companies charge a fee for storing vehicles.
GPS and AVL
Navigation systems are becoming more commonly used to tell locations (vehicles that are stranded) to a tow truck. Automated vehicle location systems (AVL) are sometimes used to help shipping center staff determine the nearest tow truck. AVL can use GPS technology. It can display the location of all tow trucks on a map or can feed data directly to computer-assisted delivery systems that automatically recommend the closest available units.
Laws and regulations on vehicle withdrawal
This section specifically refers to the laws of various countries concerning the pull of a car or truck by a special destroyer or a tow truck.
The towing industry is known to have great potential for abuse, since pullers most often occur in difficult situations, without many choices for consumers to switch to. In addition, under certain circumstances, the towing operator may initiate an unwarranted withdrawal procedure, and the consumer may be forced to make payments to the operator before the vehicle is released. Consumer citizen protection laws have been imposed by many jurisdictions to protect consumers on predatory or predatory excavation allegations.
Other laws may govern the training and licensing of tow truck operators and businesses, safety equipment, safe practices, and special permits to operate on certain roads or in certain areas.
Towing Laws in the United States
In the United States, some states have laws governing the circumstances in which cars can be coupled. Some of these laws are designed to prevent "predatory pullers" where parked parked vehicles - or parked vehicles are illegally withdrawn by towing operators not affiliated with parking facilities (private or public) - to charge high fees from their owners. Even when the crane of a predator is stopped, if the vehicle is already connected to a tow truck in any way, the car is essentially disabled until the operator releases it, and the operator can extort money from the consumer.
Even when the towing is done legally, and even with consumer demand for withdrawal, the towing company obtains the physical ownership of the vehicle. Withdrawal fees can be very high without any regulation.
In some jurisdictions, abduction laws may prohibit the withdrawal of occupied vehicles. The majority of countries need an additional mirror for vehicles, which pull something behind them. Terms and regulations vary from state to state. In general, the mirror puller is an addition to the mirror of the factory vehicle, which allows a further view. Standard mirrors are made to reflect what is behind the vehicle, and when a trailer is coupled, they reflect the trailer. To see what's behind it, a person needs a bigger mirror that reaches the coverage of what's behind the trailer. There are three main types of towing mirrors:
- A permanently installed mirror. They screw to the fender or door of the vehicle and keep it in place.
- Mirror mirror. They mount right in the OE mirror through a plastic housing, which completely envelops the existing mirror in the vehicle.
- Extension mirror. This type of mirror is fitted to the OE mirror with the help of a bar, which is cut into the edge of the plastic mirror's home.
California
California law requires towing companies to immediately and unconditionally release the vehicle if the driver arrives before being towed from private property and on the way. The goal is to avoid possible dangerous confrontations and violence and physical injury against vehicle owners and withdrawal operators, owners of vehicles and their passengers who are stranded at hazardous locations and times, and hinder an accelerated vehicle recovery, without wasting limited enforcement resources law.
Illinois
In October 2008, McHenry County, Illinois overturned an earlier decision to put the Illinois Commerce Commission in charge of pullers, in an attempt to address "predatory pullers."
Massachusetts
The Massachusetts Regulation stipulates the maximum towing fee for non-commercial vehicles at $ 108 in addition to $ 35 for each vehicle day held in the warehouse. Vehicles may only be withdrawn from private property with the vehicle owner's permission or if the property owner gives in writing to the local police the address of the vehicle to be withdrawn.
Maryland
Representatives of the Maryland towing industry gave testimony to the state task force in October 2008 that almost all complaints were "gipsy tower" and "seizure and robbery" mistakes.
New Jersey
Some limited access roads, especially Garden State Parkway and New Jersey Turnpike, require a special towing business designated to be the only crane operator on it. This is to allow better traffic flow and security, as not all crane operators are accustomed to roads, access points and turning points, road construction problems, and methods to release defective cars quickly and safely from the road. There are also concerns of late arrival; road authorities want to avoid getting out of the tow company area, because the delay to arrive remotely increases the length of traffic delays in time and distance.
Oregon
Oregon law requires towers to relinquish vehicles at no charge only if the driver is present before the connection is completed. The tower should also take at least one photograph of the vehicle and record the time and date of the photo. The photo must show the vehicle violation that occurred.
Virginia
Virginia and the municipality have enacted anti-predatory predatory laws. Some features of the law include requirements for installing alerts at all entrances, setting maximum fees for towing and storage, and requiring photos to be taken before towing to indicate the condition of the vehicle as well as the validity of the towing.
Towing Law in Australia
All Australian states have laws governing the towing industry, particularly parts of industries involved in attracting light and heavy vehicles involved in road accidents.
Queensland
Derek Truck Rules 2009 is a law in the State of Queensland governing smash/accident attacks; in the territory governed by the state. This scheme establishes economic, occupational and general consumer protection control over the crash towing industry.
In April 2013, the Queensland Government approved an amendment to the Powers and Responsibilities of the Police Act 2000, concerning the detention of motor vehicles in order to improve road safety.
On November 1, 2013, the state of Queensland's amended law began as the harshest anti-hooning countries law.
Starting May 1, 2014, the Australian towing company Tow.com.au is contracted by Queensland Police Service as the exclusive provider for withdrawal & amp; containment related to hoon type 1 & amp; Type 2 violation in the State of Queensland.
Victoria
The Accident Towing Services Act is a major towing industry law in the State of Victoria. This scheme establishes economic, occupational and general consumer protection control over the crash towing industry. First, the law limits the number of accident-towing vehicles across the State and also contains a scheme that governs the allocation of tow trucks to the crash site on the highway. Second, the Act sets minimum standards on the character of industry participants and also regulates participant behavior once they enter the industry.
The violation framework within this Act is broadly aimed at providing a practical effect on the concept of "chain of responsibility" in the crash towing sector. This concept seeks to identify those industries that are in an adequate risk control position, in this case a potentially unsafe and unethical behavior after an accident on the road, and to allocate responsibilities through appropriate laws to prevent and punish such behavior.
Behavior controls in the Act cover a wide range of activities and practices including the allocation of tow trucks to crash sites in "controlled areas" and performing on-site accidents on the road and during post-accident repair work. This scheme is broadly driven by consumer protection sentiments, in particular, the recognition of the vulnerability of road casualty casualties. Attention is clearly evident during the development of the scheme to maintain and improve the standard of characters existing in the sector due to past behavior problems in Victoria including infiltration of criminal elements into multiple areas and conflicts at the crash site.
In a broad sense, the Accident Withdrawal Act regulates the crash towing industry in Victoria by -
- assigns a licensing scheme for a tow truck that provides crash service
- requires the accreditation of the crash service business operators and the depot operators of the truck crane trucks operating
- requires accelerated truck tower accidents
- establishes terms and safeguards relating to storage and repairs of motor vehicles after road accidents.
The law of withdrawal in the European Union
Since August 1, 1998, all Passenger Passenger Vehicles up to 3500 kg of Motor Vehicle Weight (Vehicle M1) may only be installed with a European Type Crane Approved if the vehicle has received the European Vehicle Type Approval. Non M1 Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles and private imports from outside the EEC do not need to use Approved Towbars.
See also
- Vehicle restoration
- Crane truck
- Tugboat
- Drive the hitch
- The Trailer Brake Controller
- Trailer Connector
- Dolly (trailer) - supports second vehicle front wheel
- Trailer stability program
- Invite Accident Pulling Accidents
- Roadside assistance
References
External links
- Capacity change for pullers
- National Highway Traffic Safety Association
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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