Hampton Roads is the name of both water bodies in Virginia and the surrounding metropolitan area in Southeast Virginia and Northeastern North Carolina, USA. Composed of Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC metropolitan area and extended Combined Statistical Locations that include Elizabeth City, NC Micropolitan Regional Statistics and Kill Devil Hills, NC Micropolitan Regional Statistics, Hampton Roads is known for its large military presence, ice-free, shipyards, coal docks and miles of coastal and beachfront properties, all of which contribute to the diversity and stability of the region's economy.
The water body known as the Hampton Roads is one of the largest natural harbors in the world (more precisely the highway or "road"). It combines the mouths of the Elizabeth River, the Nansemond River, and the James River with some smaller rivers and empties into the Chesapeake Bay near its mouth toward the Atlantic Ocean.
The land area includes a collection of cities, counties and cities on the Virginia Peninsula and on South Hampton Roads. Some remote areas farther away from the harbor may or may not be included as part of the "Hampton Road", depending on the organization or its use. For example, as defined for federal economic purposes, the Hampton Roads (MSA) metropolitan statistical area includes two districts in northeastern North Carolina and two districts in the Central Peninsula of Virginia. Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA has a population of over 1.7 million, making it the largest 37th metropolitan area in the United States. The Combined Statistics area includes four additional districts in North Carolina, pushing the regional population to more than 1.8 million people, the 32nd largest CSA in the country.
This area is home to hundreds of historic sites and attractions. The harbor is the key to the growth of Hampton Roads, both on land and in water-related activities and events. While the harbors and their tributaries (and still are) important transport channels, at the same time they present barriers to trade and road travel.
Creating and maintaining adequate infrastructure has long been a major challenge. The Hampton Road Bridge Tunnel (HRBT) and the Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel (MMMBT) are the main port crossings on the Hampton Roads Beltway highway, which connect the large population centers of Hampton Roads. In 2007, the Hampton Roads Transportation Authority (HRTA) was established under controversial state law to levy additional taxes, fees and tolls to generate funds for major regional transport projects, including the long-sought but expensive crossroads of the Hampton Roads Harbor.
Video Hampton Roads
Etimologi
The term "Hampton Roads" is a centuries-old appointment that originated when the area was a British post that fought nearly four hundred years ago.
The word "Hampton" respects one of the founders of the Virginia Company in London and a major proponent of Virginia colonization Henry Wriothesley, the 3rd Earl of Southampton. The initial administrative center of the new colony was known as Elizabeth Cittie, named after Princess Elizabeth, the daughter of King James I, and was officially appointed by the Virginia Company in 1619. The city at the center of Elizabeth Cittie is known as "Hampton", and the closest waterway is designated Hampton Creek (also known as the Hampton River).
Other references to Earl include the area to the north across the bay (in what is now the East Coast) which became known as Northampton, and the area south of the James River which became Southampton. Like Hampton, these two names are still in use today.
The term "Road" (short for roadstead) indicates the security of a port; as applied to water bodies, it is "partially sheltered areas of water near the shore where boats can rise in anchors". Other roadshort examples are Castle Roads, in other Virginia Company settlements, Bermuda, and Lahaina Roads, in Hawaii.
In 1755, the Virginia General Assembly noted the name "Hampton Roads" as a channel connecting the rivers of James, Elizabeth, and Nansemond with the Chesapeake Bay.
Hampton Roads has been known as the largest natural harbor in the world, partly because it is the largest northern East Coast harbor in the ice-free United States throughout the year. (This status is claimed with exceptional exceptional exceptional winter in 1917, which is the coldest year of the US throughout the year.)
Over time, the entire region has been known as "Hampton Roads", a more specific label than any other moniker, "Tidewater Virginia", which covers the entire coastal state. The US Postal Service changed the postmark area from "Virginia Tidewater" to "Hampton Roads, Virginia" starting in 1983.
Maps Hampton Roads
Definition
Districts and towns
The US Census Bureau defines "Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA" as 16 district jurisdictions - five districts and nine independent cities in Virginia, and two districts in North Carolina. While the boundaries called locals "Hampton Roads" may not be aligned with the definition of MSA, Hampton Roads is the name most commonly used for metropolitan areas.
"Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA" is the US Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). According to the 2010 Census, the population is 1,676,822 and the estimated population of 2014 is 1,716,624.
Since the state constitutional change in 1871, all cities in Virginia are independent cities and they are not legally located in an area. OMB regards these independent cities as districts-equivalent for the purpose of defining MSA in Virginia. Each MSA is listed by region, then city, in alphabetical order and not by size.
In Virginia
MSA terdiri dari lokasi-lokasi ini di Virginia:
- Gloucester County
- Pulau Wight County
- James City County
- County Mathews
- York County
- Kota Chesapeake
- Kota Hampton
- Kota Newport News
- Kota Norfolk
- Kota Poquoson
- Kota Portsmouth
- Kota Suffolk
- Kota Virginia Beach
- Kota Williamsburg
Di North Carolina
The MSA also includes the following locations in North Carolina:
- Currituck County
- Gates Territory
Hampton Road Evolution
The Hampton Roads metropolitan area was first defined in 1950 as the "Norfolk-Portsmouth Metropolitan Statistical Area". It consists of independent cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth and South Norfolk and Norfolk counties and Princess Anne. In 1952, Virginia Beach was separated from Princess Anne County.
In 1963, Virginia Beach and Princess Anne County merged, defending the name Virginia Beach. The city was added to the MSA that year, while South Norfolk lost its metropolitan status. Also in 1963, Norfolk County and the City of South Norfolk merged to create the Chesapeake town.
In 1970, Chesapeake was added to the MSA, while Virginia Beach became the main city.
In 1973, Currituck County, North Carolina was added to the MSA.
In 1983, the "Newport News-Hampton Metropolitan Statistical Area", consisting of the towns of Newport News, Hampton, Poquoson and Williamsburg, and the county of Gloucester, James City and York, was combined with Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Portsmouth MSA and renamed " Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News MSA ".
In 1993, the Isle of Wight, Mathews and Surry County were added. Although Virginia Beach had passed Norfolk as the largest city in the state in 1990, the city was not the first primary city of the MSA until 2010.
As a result of the 2010 Census, Gates County, North Carolina was added to the MSA, while Surry County, Virginia was removed.
Combined Region Statistics
Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area also includes the Louis City Metropolitan Statistical Area, North Carolina, which consists of:
- Pasquotank County
- Perquimans County
- Camden County
and Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina's Statistic Area of ​​Statistics, consisting of:
- Dare County
At the 2010 census, the total population of this Statistics Joint Area is 1,779,243, with an estimated 2013 of 1,810,266, a growth of 1.74%. It is currently the 32nd largest in the country and the second largest in Virginia, after the Northern Virginia section of Washington, D.C.-Arlington-Alexandria, MSA DC-VA-MD-WV.
History
17th-19th century
The first colonist arrived in 1607 when British Captain Christopher Newport landed in Cape Henry, Virginia Beach City today, an event now called "First Landing." However, his party went on, looking for more upmarket areas in the upstream, given competitors like Spain, who had built a failed settlement on the Virginia Peninsula known as the Ajacan Mission.
After exploring the James River, they established the first successful British colony in the New World on Jamestown Island on May 14, 1607. But the lowly marshy site proved unhealthy and most colonies died, before the new Governor, Lord De La Warr (Delaware) arrived with John Rolfe, who will set up the Virginia tobacco industry.
The harbors and rivers of Hampton Roads were soon recognized as prime locations for trade, ship building and military installations, with the fortress at the Old Point Comfort established in early 1610, and the Gosport Navy Yard (later Naval Shipyard Norfolk) in 1767. The decisive battle of the Revolution was won at Yorktown in 1781, and the first naval action of the 1812 War took place in Hampton Roads, when the Royal Naval ship was confiscated by the American privateer Dash. Then the entrance from Chesapeake Bay is equipped with new fortifications (Fort Monroe and Fort Wool), much of the building work supervised by a young military engineer Robert E. Lee.
During the American Civil War (1861-1865), the historic Hampton Road Battle between the first powerful American warship, USS Monitor and CSS Virginia , took place at Sewell's Point in 1862. The battle was inconclusive, but Union forces then took control of Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and the lower James River, although they were thwarted from advancing further upstream by a powerful Confederate battery in Drewry's Bluff. Also in 1862, Fort Monroe was the launch site for the massive advent of Union General George McClellan over the Virginia Peninsula, which had almost reached the capital of the Richmond Confederacy, before the Battle of the Seven Days forced it back. In 1865, when the Confederacy nearly collapsed, President Abraham Lincoln met with three senior Confederates at Hampton Roads in a failed attempt to negotiate peace.
Several former slaves had camped near Fort Monroe, where they were declared War Contraband, instead of being returned to their former owners. Booker T. Washington was one of the liberated people who attended a local school, which grew into the current Hampton University.
20th century
The Jamestown Exposition for the 300th anniversary of 1607 Jamestown founders was held at Sewell's Point in rural Norfolk County in 1907.
President Theodore Roosevelt arrived with water in the port of Hampton Roads, as did other important people like Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers, both of whom arrived at the last steamship of Kanawha. A major naval screen was shown, and the Great White Fleet appeared. The US Navy leaders apparently did not fail to note the ideal port conditions, as they later proved.
Beginning in 1917, when the United States was involved in World War I under President Woodrow Wilson, Sewell's Point's former rural area became the site of what grew into the largest Navy base in the world founded by the United States Navy and is now known as Naval Station Norfolk.
Twice in the 20th century, the population of mostly African-Americans fled when the land along the northern side of the Peninsula mainly in York County west Yorktown was taken in large channels for military use during World War I and World War II, creating the present. Yorktown US Naval Arms Station, which includes Cheatham Annex, and the former Seabee base that became Camp Peary.
Communities including "Reservation", Halstead's Point, Penniman, Bigler's Mill, and Magruder are all lost and absorbed into a large military base.
Although some people leave the area completely, many of the displaced families choose to move to the nearest to Grove, an unknown town in the southeast of James County City where many generations of some of the families now live. Of a population estimated to be only 37 in 1895, Grove has grown to about 1,100 families by the end of the 20th century. (To the north, Grove is actually adjacent to the Navy Arms Station property and in its extreme eastern part of the US Army lands at Fort Eustis stretches along the Skiffe River, though there is no direct access to any of the bases).
Colonial Williamsburg
It was the dream of an Episcopal priest to save the 18th century church building by turning Williamsburg into the largest living museum in the world. Wlliamsburg replaced Jamestown at the end of the 17th century after a devastating fire. It was the capital of the colony and the new State of Virginia from 1699 to 1780. The capital was moved to Richmond in 1780. Williamsburg became a sleepy little town. During the Civil War, the Battle of Williamsburg fought nearby during the Hatch Campaign in the Spring months of 1862. The rotting city did not lie along the main waterway and did not have rail access until 1881. Probably because of its secure inland location known as Middle Plantation Williamsburg missed growth and economic expansion in the 19th century. The main economic engine is The College of William & amp; Mary and Eastern State Hospital. The College of William and Mary was inaugurated by Crown and was the only pre-independence college to keep it. In addition to the city's past history, some of the ancient buildings of the 18th century still exist, although time has taken its toll in the early 20th century. The Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin of the Bruton Parish Church motive was only to save the historic church building that was guaranteed by 1907. He then served in Rochester, New York for many years. After returning to Williamsburg in 1923 he realized that many other colonial-era buildings were deteriorating and their existence threatened.
Goodwin dreamed of a much larger restoration of the colonial city. A simple cleric, he first sought support and financing from a number of sources before succeeding in attracting interest before receiving major financial support from Standard Oil and philanthropic heirs John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his wife Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. The result is the creation of Colonial Williamsburg with extensive restoration of buildings such as the Wren Building of College of William & amp; Maria and the Governor's Palace, and the transformation of downtown Williamsburg into the Historic District of a restored building. Many of the buildings of the 19th century have been removed.
In the 1930s, Colonial Williamsburg had become the center of the Virginia Colonial Historical Triangle. This is of course, Jamestown, where the colonies began, Williamsburg, and Yorktown, where independence from Great Britain was won. These three points were combined by Parkway Colonial National Park USA, a remarkable achievement for 27 years. The Historic Triangle area of ​​the Hampton Roads area is one of the largest tourist attractions around the world.
In the words of Dr. Goodwin: "Williamsburg is Jamestown resumed, and Yorktown is proven Williamsburg."
The other famous "first" Hampton Road
The first free public school in America, the free school Syms and Eaton (later combined as Syms-Eaton Academy), was founded in Hampton in 1634 and 1659 respectively. The Syms-Eaton Academy was later renamed Hampton Academy and in 1852 became part of the public school system, so Hampton High School claimed to be the oldest public school in the United States. The trust fund created from the donations of Syms and Eaton has remained intact since the 17th century and incorporated into support for Hampton's public school system.
In 1957, the Hampton-Bridge Tunnel was the world's first bridge-tunnel complex, to be followed by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel in 1963. This was followed by the Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel in 1992. The prevalence of the tunnel-bridge in This area is caused by the number of shipyards and naval bases in the area. Access to the open ocean of Naval Shipyard Norfolk (in Portsmouth), Naval Station Norfolk, Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek - Fort Story, and Newport News Shipbuilding (where all US nuclear aircraft carriers have been built) do not pass under any bridges. Passing under the bridge is considered a potential threat to the US fleet.
In the 1960s, the first astronauts of the Mercury Project were trained at a NASA facility adjacent to Langley Hampton Air Base. Local features include Mercury Boulevard and a succession of astronaut name bridges over the Hampton river to commemorate this fact.
AS. military
The military has a large presence in the region. Regional military facilities (alphabetically) include:
-
- Camp Allen, in Norfolk
- Camp Peary, in York County
- Coast Guard 5th District, in Portsmouth
- Coast Guard Base Portsmouth in Portsmouth
- Yorktown Coast Guard Training Center, in York County
- Neck Dam Training Center, on Virginia Beach
- Fort Eustis, at Newport News
- Fort Monroe, at Hampton (closed in September 2011)
- Along with Expeditionary Base East, in Virginia Beach
- Lafayette River Complex (LRC), in Norfolk
- Langley Air Force Base, in Hampton
- Naval Air Station Oceana, in Virginia Beach
- Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, on Virginia Beach
- Portsmouth Naval Medical Center, in Portsmouth
- Naval Station Norfolk, in Norfolk
- Navy Support Activities Hampton Roads, in Chesapeake
- Naval Consolidated Brig, Chesapeake
- Northwest Annex Navy Support Activity, at Chesapeake
- Yorktown Naval Arms Station, in York County
- Naval Shipyard Norfolk, in Portsmouth (not to be confused with Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, in Kittery, Maine)
- Saint Julian's Creek Naval Depot Annex, at Chesapeake
Government
This area consists of ten independent cities and seven districts. Each independent city has the power and responsibility of an area, including maintaining roads, courts, schools, and public safety. Some cities share this responsibility with the adjoining county. Cities established within the territory of Virginia do not operate independently.
Locality unites to consult on regional issues. Virginia defines county planning districts by law. District members are usually independent cities and districts. Locality around the state may belong to more than one District of Planning, since their constituents may have interests that cross the boundaries of the individual planning districts.
The Hampton Roads Planning District Commission (HRPDC) currently covers 16 cities and counties in Virginia, and represents over 1.6 million people.
16 jurisdictions include:
- Chesapeake Towns, Franklin, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Virginia Beach, and Williamsburg,
- Counties of Gloucester, Isle of Wight, James City, Southampton, Surry, and York
There are cities entered in three districts (Isle of Wight, Southampton and Surry) within the district.
The difference between the service area of ​​HRPDC and the federal-defined metropolitan area (MSA) is:
- Southampton County and Franklin City are not in the MSA.
- Mathews County is in the MSA but not HRPDC.
- MSA includes Currituck County, North Carolina, but HRPDC does not.
The federal government has two major research labs in the area. NASA-Langley, on the northeast edge of Hampton near Poquoson, is home to a variety of aeronautical studies, including several one-of-a-kind wind tunnels. The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility of the Department of Energy (known as 'Jefferson Lab') undertook advanced physics research at Newport News; the lab hosts the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) and a kilowatt-free electron laser.
Geography
The water district known as Hampton Road is a wide channel passed through the waters of the James River, the Nansemond River, and the River Elizabeth (between Old Point Comfort to the north and Sewell's Point to the south) to the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean..
Norfolk and Hampton Roads are one of the worst parts of the United States with respect to the effects of global warming. By 2016, the region is decades forward in experiencing sea level rise effects compared to many coastal regions of America.
The geology and topography of the Hampton Roads region is affected by the Chesapeake Bay Impact Crater which is one of three factors that contribute to the sinking of Hampton Roads at rates between 15 and 23 centimeters (5.9 and 9.1 inches) per century.
The area has a large natural area, including 26 miles (42 km) from the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay beaches, Great Dismal Swamp, beautiful rivers, state parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and botanical gardens. Inland from the bay, this area includes Drummond Lake, one of two natural lakes found in Virginia, and miles from waterfront properties along the rivers and canals. The original flora of this area is consistent with the Southeast Coastal Plains and Lower Southeast Maritime Forests.
of land area which is "Hampton Roads" varies depending on perspective and purpose. Most of the land in Hampton Roads is geographically divided into two smaller areas: the eastern peninsula of Virginia (the Peninsula) and South Hampton Roads (locally known as "the Southside"), separated by the harbor. When talking about the Hampton Road community, almost all sources (including the three discussed in the following paragraph) cover seven major cities, two towns and three districts in the two sub-regions.
In addition, the Central Peninsula region of Gloucester and Mathews, though not part of the Hampton Roads geographic area, are included in the vast metropolitan area population. Also, a small part of northeastern North Carolina (Currituck County) is included in the area statistics. Due to its uniqueness in the Virginia-North Carolina border image, Knott Island in the county is connected to Virginia by land, but is only accessible to other parts of North Carolina in the waters through the ferry system.
Each of the following cities, districts and cities are included by at least one of the three organizations that define "Hampton Roads"
The Hampton Roads area consists of nine independent cities (which are not part of any region). Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach cover the Southside of Hampton Roads while Hampton, Newport News, Poquoson, and Williamsburg are on the Peninsula. Franklin is bordered by Suffolk, but the Census Bureau does not consider it part of the metro area.
The metro area has one county in North Carolina, Currituck. The remaining districts, in Virginia, include the Isle of Wight and Surry at Southside, James City and York on the Virginia Peninsula, and Gloucester and Mathews in the Middle Peninsula. While Southampton is adjacent to Surry, the Isle of Wight, and the City of Suffolk, the Census Bureau does not consider it part of the metro area.
Five metropolitan cities include Claremont in Surry County, Dendron in Surry County, Smithfield on the Isle of Wight County, Surry, Surry County and Windsor on the Isle of Wight County. (The other two combined cities, Boykins and Courtland are located in Southampton County, and therefore, like the area in which they are located, are not part of a federally defined metropolitan area).
Other unincorporated cities and communities in metropolitan areas that are not in their cities include Gloucester Courthouse and Gloucester Point in Gloucester County, Isle of Wight Courthouse, Rushmere, Rescue, Carrollton, Benns Church and Walters on the Isle of Wight County, Yorktown, Grafton, Seaford and Tabb in York County, Jamestown, Ford's Colony, Grove, Lightfoot, Toano and Norge in James City County, Moyock, Knotts Island and Currituck in Currituck County, North Carolina.
The Hampton Roads MSA, with a population of around 1.7 million, is the seventh largest metropolitan area in the Southeast United States after the Washington metropolitan area, Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA, Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA, St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA, Orlando-Kissimmee, FL MSA, and Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC MSA.
Demographics
According to the 2010 Census, the overall Root Roads composition is as follows:
- White or Caucasian: 59.6%
- Black or African Americans: 31.3%
- American Indian: 0.4%
- Asia: 3.5%
- Some other competitions: 1.7%
- Two or more races: 3.4%
In addition, 5.4% of the population is Hispanic or Latino (any race). 57.2% of the population is a non-Hispanic white background.
Transportation
Historically, from the start, the harbor was the key to the growth of the Hampton Roads area, both on land and in water-related activities and events. The seaports and their tributaries (and still are) important transport channels and obstacles to trade and other land travel. However, community leaders learn to cope.
In modern times, the region has faced increasing transportation challenges as it has become very urban, with the need for additional traffic. In the 21st century, conflicts between traffic on vital waterways and overland journeys continue to present local leaders with tremendous transportation challenges, both for additional capacity, and since existing infrastructure, largely originally built with toll revenues, has been aged without sources of funding adequate to repair or build a replacement. The Kings Highway Bridge now closed in Suffolk and the Jordan Bridge closed by Chesapeake in 2008 each built in the 1920s. This is considered a prime local example of this situation.
In 2007, the new Hampton Roads Transportation Authority (HRTA) was established under controversial state legislation to levy additional taxes to generate funding for major regional transport projects, including a long-awaited and expensive additional stopover from the Hampton Roads port (The Hampton Road Bridge Tunnel, Tunnel-Merrimac Bridge Tunnel, and James River Bridge are the existing crossings). In March 2008, although his projects were deemed necessary, the agency's future in some questions while its controversial funding source is being reconsidered in connection with Virginia Supreme Court ruling.
Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport, located in Newport News, and Norfolk International Airport, in Norfolk, both serve passengers from Hampton Roads. The main airport for the Virginia Peninsula is Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport. The airport is experiencing its 4th year of record, double digit growth until 2011, making it one of the fastest growing airports in the country. But in 2012, the airport lost its largest carrier and has suffered a major downturn in passenger services, culminating in dismissal of police officers and many other staff. Norfolk International Airport (IATA: ORF , ICAO: KORF , FAA LID: ORF ), serves the region. The airport is located near Chesapeake Bay, along the Norfolk and Virginia Beach city limits. Seven airlines provide non-stop services to twenty-five destinations. ORF has 3,703,664 passengers taking off or landing at its facilities and 68,778,934 pounds of cargo is processed through its facilities.
The Hampton Roads Executive Airport (KPVG), located on US460/US58, is the third busiest public airport in the state and hosts a large number of common aircraft from every Virginia airport. The airport offers flight training, avionics services, as well as major and minor airframe and powerplant improvements. There is also a restaurant sitting in the terminal.
Chesapeake Regional Airport (KCPK) provides similar public flight services and is located in the town of Chesapeake. In addition, many local aviation pilots fly from nearby Suffolk (KSFQ), Wakefield (KAKQ) and Franklin (KFKN) airports.
Amtrak serves the region with Northeast Regional trains to Norfolk, Williamsburg and Newport News stations. The lines move west to Richmond then north to Washington, D.C. and the big cities north to Boston. Bus liaison is available between Norfolk and Newport News stations and from both stations to Virginia Beach. High speed rail connections in Richmond to the Northeast Corridor and the Southeast High Speed ​​Rail Corridor are also being studied.
Intercity bus services are provided by Greyhound Lines (Carolina Trailways) with bus stations in Newport News, Hampton and Norfolk. Transport within Hampton Roads is served by a regional bus service, Hampton Roads Transit. Local routes serving Williamsburg, James City County and Upper York County are operated by the Williamsburg Area Transit Authority.
The light rail service known as The Tide was built in Norfolk. It started service in August 2011. Operated by Hampton Roads Transit, it is the first light rail service in the state. It is projected to have daily passengers between 7,130 and 11,400 passengers per day. There is also light rail research in the Hampton area - Newport News. In the 2016 election, the referendum was at a vote in Virginia Beach to kill planned expansions, and especially the state-funded Tide to the commercial center of Virginia Beach and finally to the oceanfront. The voting initiative won, canceled the project. Transit and state authorities abandoned with new light rail carriages and key infrastructure for expansion to be disposed of. There are no further plans for the light rail mass transit initiative in Virginia Beach.
The Hampton Roads area has an extensive Interstate Highways network, including Interstate 64, the main east-west route to and from the area, and I-264, I-464, I-564, and I-664 spurs and bypasses.
The Hampton Roads Beltway stretches 56 miles (90 km) on long loops through the area, crossing the harbor at two toll-free bridge facilities. These crossings are the Hampton Road Bridge Tunnel between Phoebus in Hampton and Willoughby Spit in Norfolk and the Merrimac-Monitor Monitor-Watch Bridge between Newport News and Suffolk. Beltway connects with another Interstate highway and three US highways in Bower's Hill near the northeastern edge of Great Dismal Swamp. Other major east-west routes are Route 58 US, Route 60 US, and US Route 460. The main north-south route is the U.S. Route. 13 and Route 17 AS.
There are also two other tunnels in the area, the Central City Tunnel and the Central Tunnel joining Portsmouth and Norfolk, and the 17-mile (27-km) Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, a toll facility linking the region to Virginia's Eastern Shore that carries AS 13. The original Tunnel Downtown along with Berkley Bridge was considered a single bridge and a complex tunnel when completed in 1952, possibly stimulating the design of innovative tunnels using an artificial island when the Hampton Roads Bridge was planned, first opened in 1957. Bridges Memorial George P. Coleman is the main toll bridge connecting US Highway 17 on the Peninsula in Yorktown to the Central Peninsula region of Virginia. The other major crossing of the waterways is the James River Bridge, carrying US 17 US 258, and SR 32 from Newport News to the Isle of Wight County.
The area is famous for having 2 types of public transport services via ferry. A passenger ferry operated on the Elizabeth River between the downtown area of ​​Norfolk and Portsmouth by HRT. The Jamestown Ferry (also known as Jamestown-Scotland Ferry) is a car ferry system on the James River that connects Jamestown in James City County with Scotland in Surry County. It carries State Route 31. Operated by VDOT, this is the country's only 24-hour state-run ferry operation in Virginia and has more than 90 employees. It operates four ferry boats, Pocahontas , Williamsburg , Surry and Virginia . This facility is toll free.
Education
Individual towns and districts at Hampton Road manage their own K-12 education for their area. In addition to general education, local residents have a large selection of private and religious schools.
The area also has a number of higher education options for the local population. Some only offer associations and degrees and technical certificates, while others provide higher degrees, including doctoral degrees. Some are publicly funded, but the region also has a number of private and nonprofit colleges. In addition, a number of universities have set up satellite campuses in the region.
Public university
The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg was founded in 1693 and has served as the second oldest higher education institution in the United States. Old Dominion University, founded as the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary in 1930, became an independent institution in 1962 and now offers degrees in 68 undergraduate programs and 95 (60 masters/35 doctorates). Norfolk Virginia Medical School Norfolk, established as a community medical school by surrounding jurisdictions in 1973, is noted for its research in reproductive medicine and is located in the main medical complex in the Ghent region. Norfolk State University is Virginia's largest black university and offers degrees in a wide variety of liberal arts. Christopher Newport University serves as a state university and is located in Newport News.
Private colleges
Regent University, a private university founded by Christian evangelists, television host and leader Pat Robertson, has historically focused on graduate education but seeks to establish a degree program as well. The University of the Atlantic, associated with the Edgar Cayce Association of Research and Enlightenment (ARE), offers teaching in New Age subjects and M.A. in Transpersonal Studies. Virginia Wesleyan University is a small private liberal arts college on the border of Norfolk and Virginia Beach. Hampton University, a private HBCU university, has a long history that serves Hampton.
University with satellite campus
Some universities based outside Hampton Road offer a choice of limited classes in the area. Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia have set up a joint teaching center at Newport News. George Washington University and Averett University also have campuses there. Troy State University, Florida International University, and Saint Leo University offer classes, especially linked to one or more of the military bases in the area.
University consortium
The National Institute of Aerospace (NIA) is a consortium of member universities: Georgia Tech, Hampton University, North Carolina A & amp; T, North Carolina State, Old Dominion University, University of Virginia, Virginia Tech, College of William and Mary, and Christopher Newport University. Their unique approach allows students to pursue M.S. and Ph.D. a degree of opportunity to take classes from every member university taught at the Institute.
Technical education
Residents in the regions also have options for training for the technical profession. The Apprentice School was founded in 1919 and offers a four/five year program in mechanical and technical fields related to the shipping industry. Graduates from Apprentice School continue to work in Newport News Shipbuilding. The technology-focused ECPI University has campuses in Virginia Beach and Newport News while the ITT Technical Institute has campuses in Norfolk. Bryant & amp; Stratton College has campuses at Virginia Beach Town Center and Peninsula Town Center. The Culinary Institute of Virginia is located in Norfolk. The Art Institute of Virginia Beach offers courses in media arts, design and culinary arts.
College two years
Three institutions at Virginia Community College System offer affordable, affordable education options for locals. Tidewater Community College in Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Chesapeake and Portsmouth, Paul D. Camp Community College in Suffolk, Franklin, and Smithfield, and Thomas Nelson Community College in Hampton and Williamsburg offer two-year degrees and specialized training programs.
Religious education
Bible training schools include Hampton University and Regent University, but also Canaan Theological College & amp; Seminary, Bethel College, and College of Baptist Baptist Bible and Seminary at Hampton, Tabernacle Baptist Bible School & amp; Theological Seminary, Central Baptist Theological Seminary in Virginia Beach, Providence Bible College & amp; Theological Seminary in Norfolk and Hampton Roads campus from the John Leland Center for Theological Studies.
Economy
Hampton Roads is home to four Fortune 500 companies. Representing the food, transportation, retail and shipbuilding industries, these four companies are located in Smithfield, Norfolk, Chesapeake and Newport News.
Hampton Roads has been known as "the largest natural harbor in the world". The harbor is located just 18 miles (29 km) from the open sea at one of the largest and deepest ice ports in the world. Since 1989, Hampton Roads has been a mid-Atlantic leader in US waterborne foreign trade and is ranked second nationally behind Port Louisiana based on export tonnage. When import and export tonnages are combined, Hampton Roads Port is ranked as the third largest port in the country (following the ports of New Orleans/South Louisiana and Houston). In 1996, Hampton Roads was ranked ninth among the major US ports in ship port calls with approximately 2,700. In addition, the port is a US leader in coal exports. The coal loading facility at Hampton Roads Port can contain more than 65 million tonnes per year, providing the largest and most efficient and modern port of coal loading facilities in the world.
Therefore, it is not surprising that the economic base of the Hampton Roads area is largely associated with ports, including shipbuilding, ship repair, naval installation, cargo transfer and storage, and manufacturing associated with import and export processing. Associated with the role of the military port, nearly 50,000 federal civil servants.
Hampton Roads Harbor is an important trade highway, especially for Norfolk, Portsmouth and Newport News towns.
Huntington Ingalls Industries (formerly Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company), was created in 2008 as a spin-off from Northrop Grumman Newport News and is the largest shipyard in the world. It is located a short distance to the James River. In Portsmouth, a few miles above the Elizabeth River, the historic Norfolk Naval Shipyard is located. BAE Systems, formerly known as NORSHIPCO, operates from sites in Norfolk City. There are also several smaller shipyards, many docks and terminals.
Large bars and coal loading facilities were established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railways (C & amp; O), Norfolk and Western Railway (N & W), and Virginian Railway (VGN ). The last two are the predecessors of the Norfolk Southern Railway, Norfolk-based First Class rail, and continue to export coal from a large facility at Lambert's Point on the Elizabeth River. CSX Transportation now serves second-hand C & amp; O in Newport News. (VGN's coal facility at Sewell's Point has been lost since the 1960s, and this property is now part of the vast Norfolk Navy Base).
Federal impact
Nearly 80% of the region's economy comes from federal sources. These include a large military presence, but also NASA and the facilities of the Department of Energy, Transport, Trade, and Veterans Affairs. The region also receives a substantial impact on government grants and grants, university research grants, and federal assistance to cities.
The Hampton Roads area has the largest concentration of military bases and facilities from every metropolitan area in the world. Nearly a quarter of the country's active military personnel are stationed in Hampton Roads, and 45% of the region's $ 81B gross regional output is linked to Defense. All five military operations troops are there, as well as several key command headquarters: Hampton Roads is chairman of the United States Navy meeting, and this area is home to the Allied Command Transformation, which is the sole main military command of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ) on US soil. Langley Air Force Base is home to Air Combat Command (ACC). Norfolk Naval Base is located at Sewell's Point near the mouth, on site used for Jamestown Exposition in 1907. For a 500-foot wide (150 m), the Federal government during 1902 to 1905 increased its minimum depth at low water from 25.5 to 30 feet (8 to 9 m), and the channel has now been dredged to a depth of 55 feet (17 m) in some places.
The NASA Langley Research Center, located on the Peninsula adjacent to Langley Air Force Base at Hampton, is home to scientific and aerospace technology research. The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (commonly known as Jefferson Labs) is located nearby in Newport News.
Commercial growth
Regional experience with commercial and retail centers began in early 1918. Afton Square, located in the Portsmouth naval cradock community, is the first planned shopping mall in the United States and has served as a template for future developments across the nation.
Hampton Roads experienced tremendous growth during and after World War II. In the 1950s, retail trends were shopping centers, a cluster of shops along the sidewalk adjacent to off-street parking, usually in suburban locations.
In 1959, one of the largest on the east coast of the United States opened in the northeast corner of the Military Highway and Virginia Beach Boulevard on a property that has officially been used as an airfield. The new JANAF Shopping Center, located in Norfolk, features plenty of free parking lots and dozens of shops. Backed by retired military personnel, the name JANAF is an acronym for the Combined Naval Air Force.
During the 1950s and early 1960s, other shopping centers in Hampton Roads were developed, such as Wards Corner Shopping Center, Downtown Plaza Shopping Center and Southern Shopping Center in Norfolk; Mid-City Shopping Center in Portsmouth; Hilltop Shopping Center (now known as The Shops at Hilltop) in Virginia Beach; Riverdale Shopping Center at Hampton and Warwick-Denbigh Shopping Center in Newport News.
In the late 1960s, a new shopping center came to Hampton Roads: Indoor Shopping Mall. In 1965, South Hampton Roads became the first shopping center in Virginia Beach, known as the Pembroke Mall. The mall opened in 1966, and became the newest indoor shopping destination of Hampton Road. The Virginia peninsula had its first indoor shopping center in 1973, with the Coliseum Mall. The Coliseum Mall attracts so much traffic from Interstate 64, that towering highways are built at the intersection of Mercury Boulevard and Coliseum Drive, to accommodate mall traffic to the east, from the Mercury Boulevard intersection. The Coliseum Mall was destroyed to pave the way for the development of open air mixed-use, Peninsula Town Center. Also in the 1970s, the Tower Mall was built in Portsmouth, but it was torn down and turned into the development of Victory Crossing shopping. In Norfolk, the Military Circle Mall on the Military Highway is built across Virginia Beach Boulevard from the large JANAF Shopping Center with its own high-rise hotel right in the center. In 1981, Greenbrier Mall gave Chesapeake its own shopping center as well, and Virginia Beach earned a large Lynnhaven Mall that same year.
The Chesapeake Square Mall was built in Chesapeake, Virginia in 1989, near the Suffolk, Virginia border, and has spawned a number of shopping centers in the surrounding area.
The MacArthur Center opened in March 1999, which made Norfolk the city's premier tourist destination, with the county's first Nordstrom department store anchor. MacArthur Center is compared to other downtown malls, such as Baltimore Harborplace, Circle Mall Indianapolis, Atlanta's Lenox Square Mall and most comparable to The Fashion Center at Pentagon City near Washington, D.C., in Arlington, Virginia.
Currently, Lynnhaven Mall in Virginia Beach is the region's largest shopping mall with nearly 180 stores, and is one of the region's largest tourist attractions, with Virginia Beach Oceanfront, Colonial Williamsburg, Busch Gardens Williamsburg and MacArthur Center.
For a long time, indoor shopping malls are seen as highly competitive with small shopping centers and traditional downtown areas. However, in the 1990s and since then, the "big box stores" on the Peninsula and Southside, such as Wal-mart, Home Depot, and Target have created a new competitive atmosphere for the Hampton Roads shopping center.
Some of the older malls like Pembroke and Military Circle since their grand opening were renovated, and others have been closed down and torn down. Newmarket North Mall now is NetCenter, the business center (Sears store anyway). The Coliseum Mall, in Hampton, has been rebuilt as Peninsula Town Center in a new style, in line with the latest commercial real estate trend: the establishment of a "national" lifestyle center. Additional closed malls include the Mercury Mall in Hampton (converted to Mercury Plaza Shopping Center in the mid-1980s, then demolished in 2001), and Tower Mall in Portsmouth (Built in the early 1970s, later demolished in 2001).
First place in America
At the end of 2006, Hampton Roads Partnership, a nonprofit organization representing 17 locations (ten cities, six districts, and one city), all major local universities and major military and business commands in southeastern Virginia, began a campaign aimed at branding the land area from Hampton Roads as the "First Area of ​​America".
The new title is based on events in 1607 when three British captain ship Christopher Newport - Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery landed on Cape Henry along Atlantic Beach on the Virginia Coast today. After 18 days of exploring the area, the ships and their crew arrived at Jamestown Island where they established the first English-speaking settlement to survive in the New World on May 14, 1607.
Since the east-west border area (now Virginia Beach City and James City County) has not changed since 1607, the Partnership feels justified in labeling Hampton Road "First Territory of America". It launched a brand new before 800 people at the Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce's annual meeting on December 13, 2006. A video shown that afternoon included support from the mayor and the county seat overseers representing Hampton, Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Williamsburg and James City County as well as the Governor Virginia, Timothy Kaine.
The mission of the Hampton Roads Economic Development Alliance (HREDA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to business appeal - marketing the Hampton Roads area as a preferred location for investment and business expansion. HREDA represents the cities of Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Virginia Beach, Williamsburg and Franklin, as well as the Gloucester county, James City, the Isle of Wight, York, and Southampton.
Mark
In 1998, a flag representing the Hampton Roads area was adopted. The flag design is created by a contest. The winner, sixteen-year-old Andrew J. Wall of Frank W. Cox High School in Virginia Beach, raised a new regional flag for the first time on a moored mast at the harbor.
As conceived by Andrew Wall student and decorated by the selection committee, the flag is very symbolic:
- The ring of sixteen white stars represents the town and county of Hampton Roads. The blue top panel refers to the sea and sky, considering the first European settlers in Jamestown in 1607, the first battle between the tight ships in 1862, the importance of shipbuilding and ship repair in the area, as well as maritime trade, fishing, recreational boating, and major military and government installations around the coast of the area. Agriculture, the environment, tourism, industry, and healthy quality of life are advised by lower green panels. The bumpy central band with three peaks shows past, present, and future. The waves also recalled the waves and sand dunes in the area seen from the sea. Water is a central theme. It touches all the components and ties them together.
Culture
This area is most often associated with larger South America. The people who grew up in the Hampton Roads area had a unique Tidewater accent that sounded different from the stereotypical Southern accents. The vowels have a longer pronunciation than the usual southern accent.
Attractions, museums and sites of interest
There are also many other historical points to explore in the Hampton Roads area. Led by the Historic Triangle area, Hampton Roads is consistently among the best tourism destinations in the world.
Cultural attractions include museums, historic sites, and places from small to very large for things like art and musical performances. The region hosts a two-week visit by Ringling Bros. and Barnum & amp; Bailey Circus each year with performances at the Norfolk Scope and Hampton Coliseum, and even attracts a group of Circus Train Fans, watching relatives, photographing and reporting blue or red unit trains as they move between two sites, requiring long road trips through Petersburg and Richmond to avoid crossing a 10 mile (16 km) geographical distance across the harbor (a journey directly by a modern train, two VDOT operated bridge tunnel facilities only accommodating highway traffic).
Historic Triangle
The Historic Triangle is located on the Virginia Peninsula and includes the colonial communities of Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown. The site is linked by a beautiful street, Parkway Colonial National Park.
The Jamestown neighborhood of the Colony of Virginia is the first permanent British settlement in America. It was founded by the London Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607, and is considered permanent after a brief abandonment in 1610. It follows several failed attempts, including the Lost Colon of Roanoke. Jamestown served as the capital of the Virginia colony for 83 years, from 1616 to 1699.
Historic Jamestowne is an archaeological site on Jamestown Island and is a collaborative effort with the Jamestown National Historic Site (part of the Colonial National Historical Park) and Preservation Virginia. The Jamestown Settlement, a living historical interpretation site, is operated by Jamestown Yorktown Foundation, a Commonwealth of Virginia state institution.
Williamsburg was founded in 1632 as Middle Plantation, a fortified settlement on the plateau between the James and York rivers. The city served as the capital of the Virginia Colonies from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia that led to the American Revolution. College of William & amp; Mary, founded in 1693, is the second oldest higher education institution in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colonies located in the South; alumni including three US presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation's early history.
The city's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of ​​the city. Modern Williamsburg is also a college town, inhabited largely by William & amp; Mary's students and staff.
Yorktown was one of the original eight shoots that formed in colonial Virginia in 1682. The city is best known as the site of the siege and subsequent surrender of General Charles Cornwallis to General George Washington and the French Fleet during the American Revolution War on October 19, 1781. Although the war will take place for another year, this British defeat at Yorktown effectively ended the war. Yorktown was also prominent in the American Civil War (1861-1865), serving as a major port for supplying both northern and southern cities, depending on who held Yorktown at the time. This is the east terminal of the Colonial Parkway connecting these locations. Yorktown is also the eastern end of the TransAmerica Trail, a bicycle tour route made by the Adventure Cycling Association.
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